Charlie Sheen.

Charlie Sheen is going to be on Alex Jones syndicated radio show live twice this week. This letter to the President is only the opening salvo in a chain of key events. Read more details here and tune in at 11am CST when Alex will lay out this exciting new development. Sheen first appeared on The Alex Jones Show in March 2006 to air his doubts about the official 9/11 story, an interview that garnered national attention and put the issue of 9/11 truth at the forefront of public debate.

http://www.infowars.com/twenty-minute…

Link to the Letter [[ Please Note ]]
Authors Note: What you have just read didnt actually happen yet.

A comprehensive bibliography containing all of the evidence presented above can be viewed at http://www.prisonplanet.com/20_minute…
and he notes that he makes the h1n1 about nano up on stuff with his fraud of feud Scientology..the real vampire!

Charlie Sheen.

Charlie Sheen is going to be on Alex Jones syndicated radio show live twice this week. This letter to the President is only the opening salvo in a chain of key events. Read more details here and tune in at 11am CST when Alex will lay out this exciting new development. Sheen first appeared on The Alex Jones Show in March 2006 to air his doubts about the official 9/11 story, an interview that garnered national attention and put the issue of 9/11 truth at the forefront of public debate.

http://www.infowars.com/twenty-minute…

Link to the Letter [[ Please Note ]]
Authors Note: What you have just read didnt actually happen yet.

A comprehensive bibliography containing all of the evidence presented above can be viewed at http://www.prisonplanet.com/20_minute…

Das mexikanische Fernsehen berichtet von einem unglaublichen Fall: Ein lebendes Alien-Baby soll im Mai 2007 auf einer Farm in eine Tierfalle getappt sein! Erst jetzt konnten Wissenschaftler es untersuchen, Ergebnisse vorstellen.

The incredible pictures of an ‘alien baby’ found in Mexico are causing a stir around the world – but Germany is also a hotspot for extra-terrestrial activity.
According to UFO hotline CENAP, there have been 366 sightings in the country this year, including:

• January 20, 9pm: An unknown object appeared on the radar screen at Stuttgart airport. At the same time a pilot saw lights 2,000 metres up.

• February 17, 2.20am: A cone of light was seen in Augsburg amongst the clouds.

• April 2, 11pm: A glinting object was seen in the sky in Hamburg flying in zigzags.

• April 25, 9pm: A flashing disc was spotted rotating above Cologne

Are they aliens, hoaxes or meteorites?

Werner Walter (52) from CENAP checks up on almost every sighting. He said: There are no aliens. What people see are normally sky lights or reflections.

But UFO enthusiast Erich von Däniken (74) disagrees: There are aliens! Theyre watching us!

And author Illobrand von Ludwiger (72) said: There are UFOs but the aliens dont mean to hurt us.

The German government has also been concerned with the alien files recently.

At the request of a member of the Bundestag, the authorities quickly responded with a statement: The government does not believe an extra-terrestrial landing on German territory is possible.
Kategorie: Nachrichten & Politik
Tags:
implodiert Himmel Jets Flugzeuge Ufo`s 16.05.2009 North Germany Mölln Infrarot Auflösung Hamburg gegen 0:00 Uhr

http://causa-nostra.com/navi/Ausblick…

http://www.bild.de/BILD/news/bild-eng…

Mexican TV revealed the almost unbelievable story – in 2007, a baby ‘alien’ was found alive by a farmer in Mexico.

He drowned it in a ditch out of fear, and now two years later scientists have finally been able to announce the results of their tests on this sinister-looking carcass.

At the end of last year the farmer, Marao Lopez, handed the corpse over to university scientists who carried out DNA tests and scans.

He claimed that it took him three attempts to drown the creature and he had to hold it underwater for hours.

Tests revealed a creature that is unknown to scientists – its skeleton has characteristics of a lizard, its teeth do not have any roots like humans and it can stay underwater for a long time.

But it also has some similar joints to humans.

Its brain was huge, particularly the rear section, leading scientists to the conclusion that the odd creature was very intelligent.

But it has seemingly left experts stumped.

And in a further mystery, Lopez has since mysteriously died.

According to American UFO expert Joshua P. Warren (32), the farmer burned to death in a parked car at the side of a road.

The flames apparently had a far higher temperature than in a normal fire!

Now there are rumours that the parents of the creature Lopez drowned were the ones who in turn killed him out of revenge.

There are frequent UFO sightings and reports of crop circles in the area where the creature was found. Perhaps it was left behind deliberately by aliens.

Mexican UFO expert Jaime Maussan (56) was the first to break the story. He claimed it was not a hoax. Farmers also told him that there was a second creature but it ran away when they approached.

The puzzle has caused intrigue amongst BILDs readers. Some say it is a mutant, others wonder why aliens would leave a baby behind – and one reader asked why aliens dont wear clothes.

And the bizarre story has reached as far as South Korea and China!

Mexico isn’t the only hotspot of apparent extra-terrestrial activity, either – Germany has had 366 UFO sightings this year!

The incredible pictures of an ‘alien baby’ found in Mexico are causing a stir around the world – but Germany is also a hotspot for extra-terrestrial activity.
According to UFO hotline CENAP, there have been 366 sightings in the country this year, including:

• January 20, 9pm: An unknown object appeared on the radar screen at Stuttgart airport. At the same time a pilot saw lights 2,000 metres up.

• February 17, 2.20am: A cone of light was seen in Augsburg amongst the clouds.

• April 2, 11pm: A glinting object was seen in the sky in Hamburg flying in zigzags.

• April 25, 9pm: A flashing disc was spotted rotating above Cologne

Are they aliens, hoaxes or meteorites?

Werner Walter (52) from CENAP checks up on almost every sighting. He said: There are no aliens. What people see are normally sky lights or reflections.

But UFO enthusiast Erich von Däniken (74) disagrees: There are aliens! Theyre watching us!

And author Illobrand von Ludwiger (72) said: There are UFOs but the aliens dont mean to hurt us.

The German government has also been concerned with the alien files recently.

At the request of a member of the Bundestag, the authorities quickly responded with a statement: The government does not believe an extra-terrestrial landing on German territory is possible.
Kategorie: Nachrichten & Politik
Tags:
implodiert Himmel Jets Flugzeuge Ufo`s 16.05.2009 North Germany Mölln Infrarot Auflösung Hamburg gegen 0:00 Uhr

Die neue Cocom-Liste soll den Osthandel noch stärker reglementieren

Was der Pariser Geheimclub „Cocom” in den letzten Wochen und Monaten wirklich beschlossen hat, wissen bislang nur wenige Eingeweihte. Sicher ist nur eines: auf amerikanischen Druck hin wird die Liste jener Technologie-Neuheiten, die künftig für den Ostblock Tabu sein sollen, umfangreicher denn je. Ein deutscher Ministerialer, der Bonn in Paris vertritt: „Es wird alles sehr viel schlimmer als bisher.” . Mit den schlimmen Folgen jener Absprachen, die im. Cocom – dem Koordinierungsausschuß für Ost-West-Handelspolitik – von sechzehn Nato- Staaten und Japan getroffen werden, müssen jetzt insbesondere deutsche Hersteller von Dieselmotoren rechnen. Waren bisher nur Dieselmotoren für den Export in Ostblockstaaten gesperrt, die eindeutig militärischen Charakter haben, so sollen künftig auch solche unter das Ausfuhrverbot fallen, die in zivilen Fahrzeugen wie Baumaschinen und schweren Lkws verwendet werden. Hintergrund dieser Absicht sind angebliche Recherchen amerikanischer Geheimagenten. Die wollen herausgefunden haben, daß zivile Dieselmotoren .des deutschen Herstellers MTU-Friedrichshafen in Rumänien so umgebaut wurden, daß sie nun Panzer antreiben können.

Dem amerikanischen Ansinnen haben Frankreich, Japan und die Niederlande, also Länder, für deren Industrien der Export von Dieselmotoren kaum eine Rolle spielt, bereits zugestimmt. Noch ist zwar nicht ganz sicher, daß die Dieselmotoren endgültig auf die Verbotsliste gesetzt werden. Ein Mitglied der deutschen Verhandlungskommission fürchtet jedoch, daß dies kaum noch abzuwenden ist. Denn obwohl für alle Cocom-Beschlüsse Einstimmigkeit erforderlich ist, wird sich das Auswärtige Amt in Bonn wohl zu keinem Veto durchringen können.

Längst beschlossen und demnächst in Kraft sind jene Embargo-Positionen, die dem Ostblock die neuesten Errungenschaften der Computertechnologie vorenthalten sollen. In der Branche ist man sich einigj daß eine Überarbeitung der bislang geltenden Liste überfällig war, zumal sie Computer und Komponenten enthielt, die längst veraltet sind, neue Entwicklungen dagegen nur ungenügend berücksichtigte. Position 1565 der auf den Cocom-Abmachungen beruhenden neuen deutschen Liste umfaßt deshalb auch Mini-, Personalund Heimcomputer inklusive der dazugehörigen Software; aufgelistet wurden indes nur Rechner, deren militärische Verwendbarkeit unbestritten ist.

Schikanös oder pragmatisch?

Gerhard Reckel, Geschäftsführer des Bereichs Datenverarbeitung im Zentralverband der Elektrotechnischen Industrie (ZVEI) und ein Insider im Cocom-Geschäft: „Mit der neuen Liste können wir leben.” Der deutschen Branchenriese Siemens bestätigt dies ebenso wie die Abteilung.Büround Informationstechnik im Verband deutsche/ Maschinenund Anlagenbau (VDMA). Teeren Rechtsanwalt Günter Möller hofft, daß trotz alter militärischen Überlegungen der Imund Export auch in Zukunft nicht unnötig behindert wird, denn „73 Prozent unserer Produktion gehen in den Export”.

Auf eine pragmatische Handhabung der neuen Bestimmungen baut auch SEL in Stuttgart, eine Tochterfirma des US-Konzerns ITT. Ein Dreißig- Millionen-Geschäft, die Lieferung einer computergesteuerten Telephonanlage nach Ungarn, ist gegenwärtig wegen der Cocom-Regelung blockiert. Das Exportverbot für solche Anlagen ist allerdings kein Novum. Auch nach den bislang geltenden Regeln ist der Export solcher Technologien nur per Ausnahmegenehmigung möglich – und darüber müssen die 16 Cocom-Mitglieder in Paris einstimmig entscheiden. Günter Möller: „Es kommt daher jetzt sehr darauf an, wie die Ausfuhrliste und das Genehmigungsverfahren angewendet werden, ob schikanös oder dem Schitzzweck angemessen. Wenn allerdings handelspolitische Zwecke damit verbunden sind, dann wird es sehr gefährlich.”

Mit solchen Gefahren müssen Europäer und Japaner allerdings rechnen. Viele Exporteure jedenfalls haben die Erfahrung gemacht, daß die seit Jahren übliche Cocom-Praxis, Ausnahmegenehmigungen flexibel zu gewähren, sich stark gewandelt hat: „Ausnahmeanträgen stimmen die Amerikaner nicht mehr zu, selbst dann nicht, wenn der Exporteur nachweist, daß eine militärische Verwendung seiner Waren ausgeschlossen ist.”

Getreide wichtiger als Computer

Der SPD-Bundesgeschäftsführer Peter Glotz urteilt deshalb über den Geheimbund, in dem die USA fünfzehn westliche Industrienationen am Gängelband zu führen versuchen: „Cocom ist eher ein Instrument der wirtschaftlichen Konkurrenz Westeuropas und Japans als ein erfolgversprechendes Mittel zur Bekämpfung der Sowjetunion und ihrer militärischen Ambitionen.”

Unbestritten ist, daß sich die sowjetische Computertechnologie und Mikroelektronik heute erst auf einer Entwicklungsstufe befindet, die von den Amerikanern schon vor zehn Jahren erreicht worden ist. Eine Ende Juli vor der OECD veröffentlichte Studie über den Technologietransfer von West nach Ost weist aber auch nach, daß die sowjetischen Getreideimporte – überwiegend aus den USA übrigens – für die Wirtschaft der UdSSR eine größere Bedeutung haben als der Technologietransfer. Die Versuche der Reagan-Administration, sogar den Technologietransfer zwischen Amerika und den westlichen Verbündeten erheblich einzuschränken (ZEIT Nr. 33, „Keine Freiheit für das Wissen”) sind zudem ein Anzeichen dafür, daß es den Amerikanern nicht nur um die Rüstung geht, sondern daß sie auch ganz handfeste ökonomische Interessen verfolgen.

Aber auch da, wo es um angeblich riistungsrälevante Exporte geht, zeigen die US-Behörden – mal das Verteidigungsministerium, mal das Handelsministerium – einen ihre Verbündeten gslegentlich erschreckenden Eifer. So mußte die belgische Firma Pegard, eine Tochter von Voith-Heidenheim, auf Grund einer amerikanischen Intervention den Export einer Fräs-Bohrmaschine mit elektronischer Steuerung stoppen, die für die UdSSR bestimmt war. Nach den geltenden Cocom-Richtlinien ist die Ausfuhr in die Sowjetunion tatsächlich nur mit einer Ausnahmegenehmigung möglich. Nach der neuen – noch n:cht veröffentlichten – Embargo-Liste hätte die Firma Pegard die Bohrmaschine jedoch ohne Cocom- Ausnahme exportieren dürfen. Bei flexibler Handhabung der Cocom-Bestimmungen, wie sie früher üblich war, hätte der Export im Vorgriff auf die in diesem Fall vorgesehene Lockerung von der nationalen Ausfuhrbehörde Belgiens genehmigt werden können.

Sorgen bei der Exportwirtschaft weckte auch folgender Vorfall: Im Frühjahr, während der letzten Werkzeugmaschinen-Messe in Moskau, phetographierte der^Geschäftsführer des amerikanischen Werkzeugmaschinen-Verbandes die von den deutschen Herstellern ausgestellten Maschinen. Die Photos dienten ihm in den USA gegenüber den dortigen Nachrichtendiensten als Beweis dafür, daß die Bundesrepublik permanent gegen die Cocom-Bestimmungen verstoße. Erst nachdem die deutschen Firmen den USA eine lückenlose Dokumentation der ausgestellten Maschinen vorlegten, konnte der Vorwurf entkräftet werden.

Daß die Interpretation der Cocom-Regeln oft mehr den wirtschaftlichen Interessen der USA als sicherheitspolitischen Überlegungen folgt, läßt sich auch daran erkennen, daß die USA derzeit darauf drängen» die Cocom-Bestimmungen gegenüber der Volksrepublik China zu lockern, und zwar insbesondere für den Export von Werkzeugmaschinen. Bislang waren die amerikanischen Firmen daran wenig interessiert. Doch jetzt hat die Branche in China einen neuen, vielversprechenden Abnehmer entdeckt. Und ausgerechnet zu diesem Zeitpunkt treten die amerikanischen Behördenvertreter im Pariser Cocom für eine Lockerung der Export-Regeln gegenüber Peking ein.

Auf der anderen Seite – auch das paßt ins Bild – bestanden amerikanische Cocom-Unterhändler in Paris auf einer weiteren Verschärfung der Ausfuhrliste für Werkzeugmaschinen gegenüber allen übrigen kommunistischen Ländern. Das ist vor allem für die Bundesrepublik heikel, denn 24 Prozent des deutschen Werkzeugmaschinenexports gehen in den Ostblock. Besonders betroffen ist ein junger Zweig der Branche, in der sich Maschinenund Computertechnik immer stärker miteinander verzahnen – die Hersteller von Industrierobotern. Denn diese sollen aus Sicherheitsgründen auf die Embargo-Liste. Das gilt vor allem für sensorgesteuerte Roboter.

Tabu sollen für den Ostblock in Zukunft auch Anlagen, Ausrüstungen und Rohstoffe zur Herstellung von gedruckten Halbleitern sein, die als Schaltkreise in der Mikroelektronik verwendet werden.

Aber auch auf diesem Sektor denken die Amerikaner offensichtlich zunächst an sich selbst. Im vergangenen Jahr erhielt die Firma Plasma Technology, britischer Produzent von Anlagen zur Herstellung von Chips, keine Cocom-Genehmigung für die Ausfuhr von Chips nach China. Ein amerikanisches Konkurrenzunternehmen lieferte dann aber eine ähnliche Anlage an Peking, und zwar über eine schwedische Tochterfirma. Schweden gehört nicht zum Cocom-Geheimclub.

Deutschen Außenwirtschaftlem ist überdies aufgefallen: während US-Präsident Reagan seinen Gesprächspartnern in Peking Atomanlagen inklusive Material und Know-how versprach, und zwar ohne ausreichende Überwachung des Kernbrennstoffkreislaufs, wurde in Paris der Export von Anlagen für die Urananreicherung verschärft. Daß der verabredete deutsch-chinesische Technologietransfer – die Kraftwerkunion (KWU) plant zivile nukleare Anlagen in China – durch die Cocom- Verschärfung erschwert werden könnte, wird bei der KWU in Frankfurt allerdings mit der Bemerkung zurückgewiesen, daß China die Technologie der Urananreicherung längst beherrsche, wie die chinesischen Atbmbombenversuche bewiesen hätten. Prinzip Hoffnung?

Die tatsächlichen Unbillen des Exportgeschäfts mit den Ländern der kommunistischen weit werden oft erst dann deutlich, wenn es um die konkreten Details geht, wenn Position für Position geprüft werden-muß, was in der deutschen Aus^ fuhrliste auf Grund der Gocom-Abmachungen per Verordnung als verboten festgeschrieben ist. Ein Fachmann im Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie: „Selbst wenn da bei den Abschlußsitzungen nur mal ein Komma falsch gesetzt wurde, kann das schon weitreichende Folgen haben.”

Für die meisten Verbandsvertreter in der deutschen Wirtschaft ist Cocom deshalb ein Reizthema, heikel genug, um nicht darüber zu sprechen. Helmut von Monschaw, Geschäftsführer des Vereins Deutscher Werkzeugmaschinenfabriken, drückt sich daher auch lieber vorsichtig aus: »Co- Com, das ist etwas, was als mögliche Schwierigkeit ständig im Raum steht.” ‘

Eine Schwierigkeit steht jetzt schon fest. Auf das Bundesamt für gewerbliche Wirtschaft (BAW) in Eschborn bei Frankfurt, das die Exportanträge prüfen muß, kommt erhebliche Mehrarbeit zu. Nach vorsichtigen Schätzungen von BAW-Mitarbeitern, die in Paris dabei waren, als um den neuen Tabu-Katalog gefeilscht wurde, dürfte sich der Arbeitsaufwand mindestens verdoppeln.

Gegenüber den dadurch entstehenden Kosten nimmt sich die erste finanzielle Folge der verstärkten Cocom-Aktivitäten noch recht harmlos aus: Wirtschaftsminister Martin Bangemann mußte den Reiseetat für die BAW-Beamten verdoppeln. Die 18 000 Mark, die für die Cocom-Sitzungen in Paris vorgesehen waren, waren bereits Mitte des Jahres verbraucht. Bangemann mußte außerplanmäßig 20 000 Mark dazulegen.

Größere Opfer wird die Exportwirtschaft tragen müssen – durch verlorene Aufträge und Zeitverluste. Denn wenn sich die Zahl der Exportanträge von rund 70 000 im Jahr auf 140 000 erhöht, reicht das Personal für die Bearbeitung kaum noch aus. Ein Mitarbeiter formulierte das Problem so: „Entweder wir arbeiten präzise wie bisher, dann geht alles sehr viel langsamer, oder die Fehlerquote wird größer. Und dann stehen die Amerikaner bald in Bonn auf der Matte.”

Daß der Aufwand für Cocom auch nur entfernt in einem vernünftigen Verhältnis zum Nutzen steht, ist von der Statistik längst widerlegt. Gemessen an der Gesamtzahl der genehmigungspflichtigen Exportanträge – bisher 70 000 im Jahr – ist die Auftragsflut für genehmigungsbedürftige Exporte in Ostblockländer nachgerade bescheiden: durchschnittliche zweitausend im Jahr.

den Film gut. Stars gibt es nicht, Licht fällt auf jeden. Doch sympatisiert die Regie mit keiner einzelnen Figur, weil sie stets das Gleichgewicht und die Abhängigkeit des politischen Handelns ihrer Figuien im Auge hat. Die Dialoge in diesem „rtemat”-Epos sind lakonisch und genau. Außerdem sind sie ausgesprochen witzig in der Reibung der Dialekte, in der Suche nach individuellem Ausdruck auch im gleichklingenden Dialekt.

Der Zweite Weltkrieg bringt alles durcheinander^ Nun wird Schabbach ans Reich angeschlossen. Parallel zur Familiengeschichte, die nie eine mythisch bestimmte Saga wird, erzählt Reitz die Mediengeschichte in ihrer Entwicklung. Von der feinmechanischen Industrie im Hunsrück führt ein Weg zur Propagandakompanie. Eine Episode („Du Liebe der Soldaten”) führt einen Diskurs über die Ethik der Bildproduktion: was darf die Kamtra aufnehmen, und wie? Eine andere Episode schickt unternehmungslustige Frauen (wie Reitz sie 1973 in seinem Film „Die Reise nach Wien” porträtiert hatte) ins Kino, zu Zarah Leander, in „Heimat”, den Carl Froehlich 1938 drehte. Schließlich erliegt das Dorf dem haltungsprägenden Einfluß der kriegsgenutzten Medien. Die Hunsrückhöhenstraße, die nicht nur Ausflüglern dient, sondern Hitlers Panzer an den Westwall werfen soll, wird zum Medium, auf dem fremde Menschen nach Schabbach strömen. Sachsen und Schwaben,’ Hamburger und Münchner. Im Nazifilm tümelte das Volk. Hier wird nach verschütteter Ausdruckskraft gegraben, die Dialoge nicht nur tomisch, sondern auch eigen macht. Der Dialekt in diesem Film bringt den Eigensinn der Geschicke zur Sprache.

Ein armer Junge, der von seiner erst nazifrommen, dann bigotten, dann amerikabegeisterten Mutter (Karin Rasenack als Lucie) zum Konformisten hochtrainiert wird, muß dem reichen Onkel aus Amerika, Paul Simon, der die Care-Pakete auspackt, die 48 Bundesstaaten der USA hersagen. Später heißt es knapp von ihm: „Erst hat er noch eine Eins in Mathematik geschrieben, und dann hat er die Tellermine im Wald gefunden.” Aus deutscher Seele. Kein Künstler des 19. Jahrhunderts hat sich so in die Häuser und Herzen seiner Landsleute gemalt wie Ludwig Richter. Ein Beitrag zur großen Richter-Ausstellung in Hannover diese Woche im ZEITJ7I9£Si£frl Noch eine Hoffnung, die begraben werden mußte. Nicht mit Sentirrient, sondern mit einer mitleidlosen Liebe, wie man die Haltung der Drehbuchautoren (Edgar Reitz und Peter Steinbach) zu ihren Figuren nennen könnte. Die Konsequenz daraus ist, die exemplarischen, aber nicht unbedingt beispielhaften Menschen, deren Verhalten gezeigt wird, unter keinem Vorbehalt aus der Geschichte zu entlassen. Einzig das Kapitel „Hermännchen”, dieses Selbstporträt des Künstlers als junger Mann, scheint mir mehr dem selbstverliebten Sentiment als einer Selbstkritik nachzugeben.

„Heimat” übersetzt die große deutsche Geschichte in eine Dimension, in der sie der Größe entkleidet wird, nämlich die der kleinen Leute, die ihr Leben in Würde auch ohne Größe führen. Man muß diese Erinnerungen hören und sehen, dann kann man davon nur schwer Abschied nehmen.

hatte. Marcel Duchamps provokante Trägheit habe Dali, für den stets Penoden öffentlich demonstrierter Extravaganzen mit strengen Arbeitsklausuren abwechselten, in einen wahren „Arbeitskrampf” gestürzt.

Wir werden Dali, seine Kunst und seine Perversionen – und ihren unauflöslichen Zusammenhang — nur verstehen, wenn wir die beiden wesentlichen Komponenten seines „geheimen Lebens” verstehen: Herrschertum und Wahnsinn. Schon als Kind wollte er Herrscher, Caesar, Napoleon sein, trug er am liebsten Zepter, Krone und Königshermelin, die ihm sein Vater mit sicherem Blick für , seine Neigungen geschenkt hatte. Schon als Kind war er maßlos, impulsiv, unberechenbar, raffiniert, sadistisch, monströs, überspannt, schüchtern, fanatisch, widersprüchlich – und zugleich Überzeugt, daß das alles kein Makel war, daß er ,,so sein durfte, daß es sein Vorrecht war, genau so 2M sein, wie er war.

So war für ihn auch der Wahnsinn von Anfang an ke^e Krankheit, sondern ein Instrument, sich durchzusetzen. Er bedeutete ihm „die hohe Kunst, sich durch Hellsichtigkeit aller seiner eigenen _Widerspr!k:he zu bedienen und die anderen die Ängste und Ekstasen seines Lebens erleben zu lassen”.; Es war für ihn «ine Methode, die Wahrnehmungsfähigkeit anzuheizen und zu verwirren,

Falles init allem zu assoziieren, einen 1 Gedanken mit ‘willkürlichen halluzinatorischen Bildern zu ver- Ifbinden. Diese Methode sollte dreierlei Zwecken dienen. Zuerst dazu, die Vision außerordentlicher -Bilder zu beschwören, dann aus diesen Visionen Kunst zu verfertigen und schließlich durch diese

Kunst Aufmerksamkeit zu erregen, Ruhm und Reichtum zu gewinnen. Dali wollte vom Wahnsinn – der Paranoia, wie er stets sagte – ergriffen werden, und er wollte die Paranoia zugleich in jeder Phase kritisch beherrschen und kontrollieren, ihr nie ganz verfallen, sondern den Überblick behalten. Sie sollte eine Art von Motor sein, ihn antreiben, ihm Schwung verleihen, aber er wollte die Richtung bestimmen, in die die Fahrt ging, er wollte, sie lenken und auch wieder bremsen können.

Herrschertum und Wahnsinn bestimmten Dalis Genie, herrschaftliche Geste und zelebrierte Paranoia, beide untrennbar miteinander verbunden, ineinander verschränkt und verkriäult, Wahnsinn als Vorrecht der Künstler und der Könige, gesteigert in den heiligen Wahnsinn der Mystiker, und Herrschaft als Ausdruck höchsten Irreseins. Der Welt scheinbar entrückt, über alle sozialen Hierarchien erhaben, trug er seine Neurosen wie Orden. Die Anstrengung des Herrschers: 24 Stunden am Tag sein Genie hervorkehren zu müssen.

Der Künstler in ihm prädestinierte Dali zum Herrscher – wenn nicht zum Hohepriester, dann zvjm König, zum Caesar, zum Imperator. Von hier aus ist nicht nur seine Vorliebe für die höchsten Ränge der Aristokratie, für weltliche und geistliche Herrscher zu sehen – er suchte die Nähe des Papstes und seine Anerkennung, wie die von Präsidenten, Generälen und Diktatoren, mit denen er sich gleichen Ranges fühlte -, von hier aus ist auch seine hektische, schwindelhafte Höhen erreichende Graphikproduktion zu verstehen: Dali wollte nicht aufklären (wie Kokoschka), nicht einfach beglücken (wie Hundertwasser), nicht einen Vorgeschmack der Zukunft geben (wie Vasarely) – er wölke ganz schlicht von der Kunstwelt den Tribut einkassieren, den sie ihm schuldete. Deswegen konnte er für die Drucke auch keine Limitieruigen akzeptieren – welcher Herrscher hätte schon zugelassen, die Zahl und Zahlungen seiner Vasalen zu begrenzen? Das alles stand ihm zu, und das stand ihm an.

Herrschertum und Wahnsinn prägten seine Kunst* Wahnsinn war ihr gesuchter Inhalt, Herrschemim, herrschaftliche Geste die Form, unter der sie erschien. Selbst die ihm eigene penible detailbesessene Kleinmalerei, die er betrieb (aber nur seiter, das ganze Bild über durchhielt: die meisten Flächen sind großzügig zusammengefaßt und kontrastieren zur Detailzeichnung weniger Einzelheiten, die den Blick auf sich ziehen), selbst sie hat macciiavellistische Züge, wirkt bei Dali wie die einzige einem Renaissancefürsten angemessene Mataveise.

Sehe Entwicklung ging vom Wahnsinn immer mehr hin zum herrscheruch Pompösen, von der Obsession zum Pathos, von der Schamlosigkeit sein« Delirien zum Ritual der Repliken. Am Anfang beherrschten ihn die Neurosen, dann versuchte er sie mit allen ihm verfügbaren Tricks zu konservieren, sie aufzuschminken wie die Leichen in Hollywood, die man mit roten Wangen zu einem letzten Drink an. die Bar setzt. Zuletzt scheint Dali, wenn wir den Nachrichten glauben dürfei, wieder ganz dem Wahnsinn anheimgefallen z* sein – der Gedanke hat etwas Tröstliches.

Gaa nannte Dali einmal einen Fels. In Wahrheit ist sie selbst – trotz ihrer zuletzt abbröckelnden Gesundheit – dieser Fels gewesen. Sie hat seinen Herrschaftsallüren Rückhalt gegeben und sich neben ihm als gleichberechtigte Partnerin inthronisieren lassen. Sie hat auch seine Paranoia kanalisiert und später geholfen, sie zur höheren Ehre des Herrscherhauses zu kommerzialisieren.

Dalis Ziel war: „Gala lieben und alt werden”. Beides hat er erreicht. Alles was er in seinem Leben erstrebte, war ihm beschieden. Alles, was er berührte, wurde ihm zu Gold, wie König Midas. Doch wissen wir aus dem Mythos, daß Midas’ Schicksal nicht glücklich genannt werden darf.

Dalis Geschichte ist, wie wir sie auch drehen und wenden, eine durch und durch verrückte. Im „Geheimen Leben des Salvador Dali”, von ihm selbst erzählt, liest sie sich, als wäre sie die normalste Sache der Welt. Das macht den irrwitzigen Reiz seines Buches aus. Weitere deutschsprachige Ausgaben der Schriften von Salvador Dali: „Unabhängigkeitserklärung der , Phantasie und Erklärung der Rechte des Menschen auf seine Verrücktheit”; Gesammelte Schriften, herausgegeben von Axel Matthes u.a. Vertag Rogner & Bernhard, München, 1974 „Die Eroberung des Irrationalen”; Essays; Ullstein Taschenbuch, Berlin, 1971

„Dali über Dali”; Propyläen Verlag, Berlin, 1970

„Meine Leidenschaften”; aufgezeichnet von Louis Pauwels; Bertelsmann Sachbuchverlag, Gütersloh, 1969 „So wird man Dali”; Zusammengestellt von Andre Parinaud; Verlag Fritz Molden, Wien, 1974 „Verborgene Gesichter”; Roman. S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1973 (auch als Fischer-Taschenbuch)

DIE ZEIT: Sie sitzen als rational denkender Wissenschaftler in der Päpstlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Ist das kein Widerspruch?

Wolf Singer: Die Akademie ist ja kein religiöses Gremium, da sind Menschen mit unterschiedlichsten Ansichten vertreten – Agnostiker, gläubige Christen, Skeptiker. Die 80 Akademie-Mitglieder werden zwar vom Papst auf Lebenszeit ernannt, aber von den Fachwissenschaftlern vorgeschlagen, also nach wissenschaftlichen Kriterien ausgewählt. Im Vatikan führt die Akademie ein relativ autonomes Dasein. Aus der Akademie kenne ich auch den früheren Kardinal Ratzinger, der vor wenigen Jahren Mitglied der Akademie wurde und aus derselben Gegend kommt wie ich.

ZEIT: Welche Aufgaben hat die Akademie?

Singer: Sie soll den Papst und den Vatikan in wissenschaftlichen Fragen beraten; darüber hinaus soll sie wissenschaftliche Arbeit leisten und Forschung fördern. Es gibt einmal im Jahr ein Treffen aller Mitglieder, daneben finden thematisch zentrierte Workshops statt – etwa zur Fortpflanzungsmedizin, zu ethischen Fragen am Beginn und Ende des Lebens, zur Kosmologie oder zur Bildung. In die Amtszeit des letzten Papstes fielen zwei wichtige Entscheidungen: 1992 hat Johannes Paul II. Galileo Galilei rehabilitiert; 1996 akzeptierte er offiziell die Evolutionstheorie…

ZEIT: …die die Kirche lange abgelehnt hatte.

Singer: Johannes Paul II. erklärte damals anlässlich einer Akademie-Tagung, Darwins Lehre sei durchaus mit dem christlichen Glauben vereinbar. Auch wenn der menschliche Körper seine Existenz der biologischen Evolution verdankt, beseelt wurde er unmittelbar von Gott.

ZEIT: Dieser Dualismus muss doch für Sie als Hirnforscher höchst befremdlich sein.

Singer: Er ist als Theorie schwer zu widerlegen. Die Kurie sagt bei Konflikten zwischen dem wissenschaftlichen und dem religiösen Weltbild: Wir haben zwei Wissensquellen – zum einen die menschliche Vernunft, zum anderen die Offenbarung. Und da die Wissenschaft stets nur begrenzte Einsicht liefert, hat die Offenbarung das Primat.

ZEIT: Dass die menschliche Vernunft begrenzt ist, belegt ja auch die Hirnforschung.

Singer: Sicher, alles Wissbare hat Grenzen. Die Wissenschaft erklärt die Welt nie vollständig. Das fängt schon beim Urknall an – was war davor?

ZEIT: Wie halten Sie diese Unvollständigkeit des wissenschaftlichen Weltbildes aus?

Singer: Ich lebe mit der Gewissheit, dass das, was sich uns erschließt, nur ein Teil von etwas Größerem, nicht Erfassbarem sein kann. Ich muss mir das aber nicht konkret ausmalen. Ich kann daraus auch keine allgemeinen Maximen für das Verhalten ableiten – außer vielleicht die Bescheidenheit, dass wir alle nur über begrenzte Einsicht verfügen. Die Kirche dagegen füllt dieses Unbekannte mit Geschichten aus – die, wenn sich die Wissenschaft weiter entwickelt, manchmal auch wieder geändert werden müssen. Daher rate ich den Kirchenvertretern immer: Bleibt beim Abstrakten.

ZEIT: Woher kommt diese menschliche Tendenz zum ständigen Geschichten-Erfinden?

Singer: Wir sind aufgrund des Soseins unseres Gehirns darauf festgelegt, Ursachen für Phänomene zu suchen. Nun gibt es viele Wirkungen in der Welt, deren Ursachen wir nicht ergründen können. Da liegt es nahe, sie einem höheren Wesen zuzuschreiben. Das erlaubt eine weitere hochwirksame Projektion: Verhaltensweisen, die sich in der Erfahrung als sinnvoll herausgestellt haben (Nicht töten, lügen, stehlen!), kann man als Verordnung einer höheren Instanz deklarieren. Dadurch entzieht man sie sozusagen der menschlichen Verfügbarkeit.

ZEIT: Stimmt also Voltaires Argument: »Wenn es Gott nicht gäbe, müsste man ihn erfinden«? Brauchen wir die Religion allein schon ihrer positiven gesellschaftlichen Wirkungen wegen?

Singer: Erstens kann man Religionen ja nicht rational erfinden. Sie speisen sich aus Mythen, unbewusst erfahrenen Gewissheiten, aus dem, was »Offenbarung« genannt wird. Zweitens ist nicht klar, ob ihre Wirkung nur positiv ist. Ich würde gerne einmal eine Gegenüberstellung lesen der positiven und negativen Folgen der Wissenschaft – und jener der wohlmeinenden Religionen. Wenn ich mir die Grausamkeiten vor Augen halte, die im Laufe der Geschichte im Namen von Gottheiten begangen wurden, bin ich nicht sicher, wie die Bilanz ausfällt.

ZEIT: Und woran glauben Sie selbst?

Singer: Eine schwierige Frage. Ich glaube, es kommt keiner von uns ohne Metaphysik aus. Ich glaube, dass etwas jenseits unserer begrenzten Vernunft existiert, sozusagen etwas vor und hinter unserer rational erfassbaren Welt. Ich glaube, man sollte es nicht benennen wollen.

SOURCE:

http://www.zeit.de/2005/20/Glauben-Singer

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibliotheca-rfid.com%2Ffiles%2FGoethe_2_08_e.pdf&ei=eATFSebsONWW_gbgjIz1DQ&usg=AFQjCNHyvXNcahb3wVevd5yDRvT3wxKgww&sig2=iD-8gIaRyu53kekcHxOxkQ

The experience of the cultural struggle shaped the thinking and behavior of many Catholics to the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich into it. As of the community of nations and excluded minority if they were fought within the German Empire a largely closed society special. The Catholic Church was firmly fixed with their values and norms is the primary focus in life practice. The believers felt by a deep-rooted, everyday life span piety borne a dense network of Catholic schools, associations and press coined time experience and lifestyle of children and adolescents as well as adults.

The strong commitment of Catholics to their life and community forms an impact even in the Reichstag elections of the Weimar Republic. Based on the resident population reached 1933 Catholics accounted for 32.5%. On the political parties of the Catholics – the center and the BVP – represented in the Reichstag elections between 18% (1920) and 13.9% (1933) of the votes cast. The voting behavior of the Catholic population also shows for the Reichstag elections of March 1933, already under pressure from the new Nazi rulers held that the National Socialists in the predominantly Catholic areas of the German Empire, the political breakthrough has failed – in the Emsland, in Westphalia, in the Rhineland in Mainfranken the Rhön and Baden, in Bavaria, Upper Silesia, and in Eichsfeld Warmian. The insistent warnings before the Nazis, the German bishops pronounced variously since 1930 had worked here as a helpful support.

In the center of Nazi ideology was the battle for dominance of the “Aryan master race”, as propagated antibolschewistischer crusade conquest of “Lebensraum” in the East and the destruction of Judaism. These goals were only the “new” in the Nazi spirit to reach educated people who had to be free from the “Jewish compassion morality” of Christianity. For competing claims to interpretive and World Sinngebungskompetenz – be they religious in nature, such as Christians and Jews or ideological nature as with the Communists – had no place. After the “seizure of power on 30 January 1933 it became the state ideology doctrine. In spite of the National Socialist system of domination characterizing power dualism between party and state and regional differences in the Nazi reign practice Hitler and his followers never had a doubt as to the totalitarian ideology is also entitled to enforce policy.

2. “National Survey”, co-existence and Reich Concordat 1933

The appeal of Adolf Hitler in the Reich Chancellery meant constitutionally seen initially no incision, but the series began in 1930 with Heinrich Brüning began Präsidialkabinette continued. Initial development of the turbulent weeks and months before and after the March election in 1933, when the Nazi party nearly 44% of the votes reached 30 should January as crucial political turning point in German history prove. It took a breathtaking and confusing process of ordinary citizens of Nazi conquest of power: revolutionary actions against the bottom of the political, especially Communist opponents and seemingly legal, administrative measures Gleichschaltung attacked each other.

For the Catholics had the starting position against the Nazis, so far changed, as is also the new imperial government traditionally viewed as the civic owed obedience (Romans 13). Many Germans appeared, the new chancellor as Christian-national integration figure, for “peace and order” caused. Some Catholics may be on the “silent and fall off” (Rudolf Morsey) of the Center Party and the violent elimination of the Christian trade unions and the People’s Association for Catholic Germany came his doubts. They have been a wave of national renewal will be overtaken, which also covered a lot of Catholic believers, “in a mixture of conviction, opportunism and delusion” (Rudolf Lill). A Rest of the signals did church closer to the new state: the German bishops had under Hitler kirchenpolitischem comity (Government Statement of March 23, 1933) on 28 March 1933 its general prohibitions and warnings of the Nazi party had, however, but to the condemnation of Nazi ideology held. On 20 July 1933 saw the signing of the Reich Concordat between the imperial government and the Holy See. It nurtured, especially in the context of a merger just euphoric state of evangelical churches to a German Reich Church, even among Catholics hope when Rebuilding a national Christian-Germany not stand it.

The negotiations on the kingdom Concordat was based on older designs since April 1933 the Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen with Pacelli, Cardinal Secretary of State, former nuncio in Munich and Berlin and later Pope Pius XII. And which is resident in Rome center politician Prelate Ludwig Kaas led. Between the approval of the Reichstag faction of the center to the “Enabling Act” and the prospect of a Reich Concordat was no connection. The negotiations were repeated before the demolition. “Inside the Curia is taken into account was that the Nazis by the Hitler government urgently required contract – their 3rd Intl Agreements, which gave them prestige gain – would not comply. The conclusion was, finally, the decisive consideration, Reich Concordat with the Church feared a fight not to be able to prevent, but after the beginning of one of the Church and the German Catholics effective line of defense under international law to possess. “(Rudolf Morsey)” With the explicit recognition concordats of countries and the tacit assumption of legal positions, which the Church in the Weimar constitution had received, stood a piece of liberal constitutional tradition … in the right of the “Third Reich” into … Even with these legal facts, the Reich Concordat was a disruptive factor in the political regime … The state was not only to certain benefits and to grant freedom rated obliged, but he was generally in his freedom of action is limited, his self-inhibited in the Nazi sense. “(Heinz Hürter)

3. Clarification of the fronts (1934-1939)

For a relatively rapid cooling of the Concordat of euphoria, however, soon caused the numerous vexatious measures the State party and against the pillars of the Catholic milieu launched and were accompanied by a daily, often socially motivated or sectarian overlays “small war on the ground”. Especially the large youth and workers’ clubs, with their hundreds of thousands of members have been increasingly afflicted 1934/35, not any purely religious activity was forbidden them. The Catholic newspapers were subject to rapid editorial and economic control, the church press was an exclusively ecclesiastical and religious coverage is limited. Especially the elimination of the clergy served the 1935 and 1937 with great propaganda effort by foreign exchange and morality processes in which bishops, priests and nuns as a corrupt, money-grubbing and morally unprecedented pieces were made out.

Were superimposed on the sharp ideological conflicts of the 1930 conflict over published ‘myth of the 20th Century ‘. Alfred Rosenberg, Hitler’s Representative since 1934 for the entire training and ideological education of the NSDAP, proclaimed this to be a nationalist-racial blood and ground-religion. In Cologne was in this context under the leadership of the late Vicar General Joseph Teusch a “defensive position against the Nazi anti-Christian propaganda” has been introduced. In October and December 1934 in Cologne and printed under the responsibility of the bishop of Münster, Clemens August Graf von Galen, published “Studies on the myth of the 20th Century “refute Rosenberg sentence for sentence. The “studies” were many believers have an important orientation. Nevertheless meant “progressive sacralization of Nazism” an unstoppable growing “Christian displacement levels of the public” (Heinz Hürter); in the summer of 1935 called for the Reich Interior Minister Frick already complete “Entkonfessionalisierung of public life.”

Regional gestaffelt pushed the Nazis and the Church’s influence in the school education sector, the religious education has been reduced or completely abolished, the confessional school in the so-called German school community transformed, private high schools have been dismantled. Since 1938/39, the Catholic Church on their effect innerkirchlichen space is limited. In the last two years before the war were the action is less than spectacular action of silent SS and Gestapo actions characterized.

When church people and the clergy led the assault to a clarification of fronts: The perception grew that the Nazi state, with its activities to the total Entkirchlichung and Entchristlichung the company sought.

Large parts of Catholics since 1934 responded with a more intensive participation in church life to the restrictions and the threat to their faith and brought this faith in public rallies, processions and pilgrimages to the demonstrative expression. About Regional announced in 1936 the “Oldenburg Cross fight”: An impressive mass mobilization forced the Nazi leaders who had decrease in the crosses from the classrooms to reverse. And yet, in February 1939, at the height of Hitler’s popularity, voted in internal church Votes 85% of adult West German visitors to the church Nazi church policy.

The clergy came within the Catholic milieu, the role of an “opinion leader” too. This social position and their own identity as a chaplain led many clergy, mainly from the pulpit more or less openly about the limitations of the religious sphere to comment. The radicalization of the Nazi government increased rapidly measure the risk, therefore, also to be prosecuted. World More than 12,000 priests, or 36% of the total German clergy, ran from 1933 to 1945 with the Nazi regime in the conflict, 407 of them were spent in a concentration camp, 107 were there to death. 63 Other priests were executed or murdered.

The fates of Karl Leisner and Bernhard Lichtenberg stand for many: Leisner, charismatic leader of the student youth in the diocese of Munster, and on 25 March 1939 by Bishop Galen of a deacon (priest candidates) consecrated, has been convicted for a speech to the failed assassination of Hitler ( “It is a shame that the leader was not there.”) Denounced and already next day, on 9 November 1939, arrested. According prison stay in Freiburg and Mannheim, he was on 16 March 1940 initially in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp (near Berlin), since 14 Then in December 1940 in Dachau concentration camp (near Munich) interned. The pulmonary tuberculosis in which the prisoner has already suffered more, broke a result of the detention strapaziösen life anew on. The terminally ill already fulfilled his suffering comrades in the so-called “priest block” his greatest desire, Leisner was on 17 December 1944 secretly ordained priest. Shortly after the liberation of the Dachau camp by the Americans died on 12 new priests August 1945 to the consequences of long-term detention in the sanatorium Planegg near Munich.

The Berlin minister and Domkapitular Bernhard Lichtenberg, 1938 at Dompropst and thus to the highest-ranking representatives from the Bishop of Berlin Preysing elected, was before his arrest in 1941 the Gestapo record: His political involvement in the Center Party before 1933 and his open criticism of the konkordatswidrigen and anticlerical measures of the Nazi state had numerous interrogations by state police after the draw.

In a summer 1996 survey will be released over 38,000 operations (interrogation, warning, monetary and prison sentences, deportation, detention camp, for example) against priests and religious clergy and more than 26,000 “offenses” documented. The mass of the conflict was taken from the pastoral clergy motivated insistence on the unrestricted preaching and service to the community, sometimes also from the assistance to foreign workers and Jews. More than 40% of “cases” had its origin in the regular exercise of priestly activity: the Liturgy, in the pastoral care, at school or in the club and youth work.

The German bishops, which, to the self-dissolution of the Center Party a special leadership zukam were in the summer of 1933 for the first time a pan-German conference in Fulda met. In sharp contrast to today, the Fulda Episcopal Conference, however, not formally organized institution, collectively, the body only, so far all the bishops have the same thought and wanted to do.

Exceptions such as the first archbishop of Freiburg optimistic Gröber apart, were the bishops in the critical assessment of the Nazi church policy quickly agreed. Allen was ahead of Munich, Cardinal Michael Faulhaber already in his Advent sermons of December 1933 for the religious, moral and social values of the Old Testament to have occurred.

Different ideas exist, however, about the way of reasonable opposition. The Wroclaw conference chairman, Cardinal Adolf Bertram was personally by the memory of the pastoral crisis of culture war years shaped and represented in his theological and ecclesiastical political beliefs a “command politics”, the public furore advisable to avoid looking. In countless diplomatic ground inputs to the imperial government Bertram tirelessly protested against government interference in church matters.

The Berlin Upper pastor Konrad von Preysing advocated another course. The legally and diplomatically trained Bishop wanted the Nazi church policy through a rigorous combination of internal episcopal claims and protests with an appeal to the public fight. Assisted by his cousin, the münsterischen Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen, urged by Preysing to a more aggressive course of the German Episcopate. Preysing was backed by Pope Pius XI in. The Nazi war against the German churches had led episcopacy 1936, the pope is a frank word of protest to ask. The German-speaking (!) Encyclical “With burning concern” secretly spread, was on 21 March 1937 throughout the German Reich from the pulpit out. The pope is expected not only with the church policy of the Nazi state, but also with its ideological foundations, “Who the race or the nation or the state or the state (…) idolizes, the upside and the forge god created (. ..) order of things. “

The encyclical is the culmination of the ideological confrontation between the Nazi regime and the Catholic Church. Since the word pope is not only Catholic, but Christian formulated basic positions, which for many evangelical Christians as well as for immovable were Catholics, it was suddenly an ecumenical event. The text of the encyclical was far beyond the boundaries of religion have been disseminated and also encouraged ecumenical initiatives such as the “Una Sancta Brotherhood,” the Freiburger Diocesan priests and founders of the German Federal Catholics peace, Max Josef Metzger, 1938 launched. The shared experience of ideological and violent oppression was to bridge the deep sectarian rifts helped overcome.

Pius XI. died on 10 February 1939, his successor, was Secretary of State Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, the conditions in Germany from his time as Apostolic Nuncio to the German Empire and the Pope as a negotiator at the conclusion of Baden (1932) and Austrian (1933) and the Reich Concordat (1933) knew best.

4. The war years

On 1 September 1939 began with the German troops attack Poland at the Second World War. Although 1938/39 largely due to a “vestry Christianity” back, led the Catholic Church at the outbreak of war in the “national obligation” taken. The different accent calling the bishops are not lacking in solidarity, by the enthusiasm of the war year 1914, it was indeed far away. According to the official reading was the imperative of national unity in war subordinating everything. The Nazi leaders, especially the Gestapo and SS, but served as an alibi to the inward terror against opposition forces continued to increase. Under the pretext of “war-related requirements” were the countless restrictions until deep into the domestic sphere into the church (eg church ban after nocturnal flying alarm). Especially after the victory over France (summer 1940) is becoming increasingly clear that influential circles in the Party, the SS and Gestapo war for a political church “Land” wanted to use. The repression reached 1941 with the so-called “Monastery storm” their climax when alone in Altreich 123 monasteries and religious institutions have been lifted. This year, the monthly average 9 Catholic clergy in concentration camps.

A disproportionately lower than the break even the outbreak of war, namely the “total disinhibition of Hitler’s abuse of power” (Ludwig people) escaped the war, by persecution and the church reach the public eye largely: The Tarnnamen the “euthanasia” were 70,000 mentally ill and mentally murdered, countless Roma and Sinti, political opponents, prisoners of war and foreign workers were the political persecution or inhuman treatment to the victims and the escalation of crime culminated in the deportation and extermination of European Jews.

By the beginning of the war already 80 years, Cardinal Bertram continued its entry policy unchanged even now, despite the flagrant violations of the concordat provisions and especially the flagrant human rights violations so far pursued by the German episcopacy very defensive approach in question, without involvement of the public also threatened the identity of the Bishop’s Office as a “church teaching and Wächteramt,” ultimately the reputation of the Church as guardian of the divine order to suffer.

The bishops of Münster, Clemens August Graf von Galen, and Hildesheim, Godehard Machens, replied to their harrowing Gewissensnot in the summer of 1941 on their way with public pulpit protests against the destruction of supposedly “lebensunwerten life,” a process that the National Socialist dictatorship till its Mark shook. From Galen was already after Judenpogrom in November 1938 had been in favor of the beleaguered citizens of the pulpit to go. He was then but at the request of the local Jewry refrain to their situation – by their own assessment – not to deteriorate. His tough public accusations against the seizure of monasteries, against the expulsion of religious people and then against the organized murder of age and weak mentally ill were among the conditions of the year 1941 “the most effective form of self-contradiction and (Morsey). The sermons did not want to call an open resistance to the theological and pastoral motivated protest unfolded, but an enormous political impact.

One in November 1941 elaborated shepherds word that the issue of human rights to be desired in terms of him, was in December, together with the Protestant Confessing Church as a joint memorandum to the Chancellor of delivery. When she remained unanswered, numerous Western and Southern German dioceses in March 1942 to have an abbreviated version of the pulpits of churches to be read: “Everyone,” it said, “has the natural right to life and to the necessary goods of life, “and the bishops added:” We bishops are not to do so, against the killing of innocents custody thereof. Nobody is sure of his life, if not untouched off: Thou shalt not kill! “

At this point, had the German bishops and the papal Curia secure messages that the deportations of Jews in the East no resettlement, but the preparation for their physical extermination meant. The information came from the 1938 set “at the Episcopal Relief ordinariate Berlin”, where named Dr. Margaret Summer, Dompropst Bernhard Lichtenberg and Heinrich crown for the emigration of persecuted people, mainly Jews, Catholic, tried. In the same vein worked in Berlin, the Protestant “Christian relief agency for Jews under the leadership of Pastor Henry Grüber in Freiburg Dr. Gertrud Luckner and the St. Raphael’s Society for Catholic emigrants in the context of the Catholic German Caritas Association, in Wroclaw and Gabriele Gräfin Magnis in Vienna P. Ludger Born (SJ) and Cardinal Innitzer.

The protest of the Gesamtepiskopats, the Munich, Cardinal Michael Faulhaber to the Conference Chairman Bertram called, was on 12 September 1943 in a shepherd’s word about the Christian Ten Commandments as the law lives of the people “read from the pulpit. It stated with powerful clarity: “killing is bad in itself, even if they are supposedly in the public interest would be perpetrated: To blame defenseless and weak of mind and sick in Siech incurable and fatal injuries to congenital lebensuntüchtigen and newborns exposed to disarmed innocent hostages and war prisoners, or to people of foreign races and origins. Also, the government can not and should really only death worthy crimes punished with death. “

Under the conditions of totalitarian dictatorship and reign of terror of the war years it remained the decision of the individual subject, the impact of these warnings to be drawn. Bernhard Lichtenberg, who because of his “the State” commitment to the Jews had been arrested there on 25 October 1941 compared to the Gestapo officials openly on the record: “My attitude to the Nazi state current depends on the attitude of the apostle Paul, as stated in Romans chapter 13 is expressed. (…) What I have said, the state that I recognize as such. But I can not as a Catholic priest from the outset and at every available measure, the Government will say yes and amen. (…) If the tendency of such government decisions and measures against the revealed teachings of Christianity and so against my pastoral conscience directed, I will follow my conscience and with all the consequences to accept the consequent result for me personally. It also follows from the fact that I am the evacuation [of the 'non-Aryans'], with all its accompanying phenomena inwardly reject, because it violates the main commandment of Christianity are addressed:’ Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself ‘, and I also recognize the Jews My neighbor, an immortal, in the image and likeness of God has created soul. “

On 22 Lichtenberg was in May 1942 to two years in prison after his release again arrested by the Gestapo and the concentration camp Dachau “transferred”. On the transportation there died of the Berlin Dompropst on 5 November 1943 in the yard. His bad health has long had the physical and mental rigors of prison and transportation is no longer stood.

With his courageous confession against the injustice of the Hitler regime Lichtenberg was not alone. As he met many other Catholics in the personal conscience decision to active resistance against Nazism to afford. Faster than the institutional church then secured within the diverse personal contacts among themselves and with other opposition groups, their cohesion. Thus formed the Jesuitenpatres Augustin Rösch Lothar and King, together with the Legal Committee of the Order of the Fulda Bishops’ Conference, Georg Anger Maier, since 1941 a group of priests, the bishops to a stronger condemnation of the Nazi policy sought to move. Their biggest success was the presentation of the pastoral letter on the Ten Commandments in September 1943, at the conclusion they had made a significant contribution. Rösch it was, to the overthrow and reorganization plans of the Kreisau Circle from the beginning was involved and both the king and the Jesuit Father Alfred Delp resistance in the circuit introduced. The significant influence that the Catholic social teaching to the ideas of the Kreisau of the reorganization of Germany and Europe after the war, exercised, went to a considerable extent on Delp back. Delp was to turn the group around the Cologne “Ketteler House,” the association’s headquarters of the Catholic Workers Movement, in conjunction. Its General Chairman Otto Mueller and other Catholic leaders such as worker Jacob Kaiser, Bernhard lettershop Nicholas big house and had since 1933 against the destruction of the Christian trade unions and the Catholic Workers’ Associations and Gesellen defended and equally in social and political reorganization plans worked. About Delp and the Berlin lawyer Josef Wirmer gave the Cologne District Finally, contact with the resistance group led by Carl Goerdeler, in close cooperation with the conspirators of the 20th July 1944 the lists of members of a future government which had to Wirmer as Minister of Justice and lettershop House as Minister for Reconstruction should include. The failure of the assassination on Hitler disbanded then, however, a wave of persecution that comes with most leading figures in the resistance movement and their representatives to the Catholic victims.

The active political opposition to National Socialism, the individual faith and conscience decision required was ultimately the cause of a minority of Catholics. It is, however, the widespread resistance of the Catholics against the Nazi ideology and its claim totality. The defending values and standards system was one of the key prerequisites for the development of democratic postwar order in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Carbon C, the main component of wood, O and oxygen combine in the combustion process to a third substance, the carbon dioxide CO2 Physically speaking, there is fire from hot particles (combustible gases zBH2O), which consists of the burning material from escaping, and a higher short Energieniviau have obtained. During this process the electrons are located on a higher path. This energy level of each atom is unstable, so the electron falls to its original train back. This produces an emission, ie it is energy in the form of a light quantum (photon) released. Depending on how much energy is in the combustion of a flame is visible, or the process takes place slowly and without optical phenomena instead. During the combustion of cellulose (C6H10O5) n is formed by the high temperature CO, CO2, H2O, H2, etc.. After firing, the carbon skeleton remains – C left, this is the glow (charcoal), without flame and smoke. The ignition temperature of wood depends on its moisture and is between 220 – 320 ° C at the firing temperature, the actual burning process, the temperature drops and the fire is gaining the necessary heat from itself.

What needs to deal with fire will be kept in mind?
~ The fire must never be left unattended. ~ Before bedtime each fire. ~ You must always have a bucket / pot with fire fighting beside the fireplace ready. ~ Only people who experience and security in dealing with fire have allowed for the sole supervision of the cooking responsibilities. ~ Within reach of the fire (candles, tallow candles, etc.) must be no combustible material (straw, cloth, etc.) which can be determined by sparks or heat can ignite. ~ The Fire (lantern, tallow candles, etc.) should not stand in the way, so that it is easy to stumble or it can be upset.

What do I have before the fire do?
Fireplace dig: The place where the fire pit is excavated, may not be too close to the tents, because the plane possibly by flying sparks could ignite. Our fireplace perfectly fulfilled their function in a T-shape of approximately 1.5 m in length and 1 m width. The grass is on this surface abgestochen and the edges with soil or stones delineated, it is ensured that the grass around can not ignite. Especially in the summer when it rained for a long time, and the fire risk is high, should be to ensure that the grass or surrounding Gestrüp and foliage can not ignite. In addition, the ground around the fire with water are kept moist. The turf will be put out on the best upside down in a shady place and the event is stored on moist, they can be easily reused. Order in our case a fire to ignite, we need only wood, in different variations, such as sawdust and larger Spreisel or thin branches. The flame burns constantly, without being afraid of it must go off again at any moment, you can always gradually thicker and larger pieces of wood demand.

Chopping wood: If someone still do not know how to chopping wood, here are a few tips. Before you start chopping the wood, you should still check whether the tide of the ax is fixed to the shaft is connected. This monitoring should be prevented, which is the leaf while hacking from the stalk and triggers uncontrolled rushes through the air. It should be about a step away from the wood block stand, the legs are slightly more than shoulder width apart. When hacking is straight from the top (head) to bottom (between the legs) beaten, it is prevented that a failure of the wood piece in the ax in the leg or foot is. Should also verify that each of the timber while hacking in two to three meters distance, no one is around any of the flying pieces of wood could be taken. Once invited, the logs to chop them quite small, and these are usually no longer even on the Hackklotz stop, then never the piece of wood with the hand hold, but with a second piece of wood and then lock with an ax splitting , this is not the risk that one, with a failure of the failure, in the hands of hacks.

Which wood for which I take fire? Admittedly, the question here is unnecessary in most cases, because we have to take on events, what we get from the organizers. If, however, we eventually have the choice should be, this is quite useful: * softwood (pine, spruce, fir, etc.) has a high heat because it burns quickly, but rußt strong and it is for cooking only limited use. With the thin branches of the spruce you can get a fire. Especially in the spruce must be due to the high resin content in dry weather increased the spark flight respected. But it also burns in the wet state and is still good for kindling. * The wood of beech and maple burn long and evenly, it is therefore good for cooking, as long as you do not need hot water quickly, or for warming in cool nights. * Holds a long-lasting oak embers, which is excellently suited for baking bread, it is more difficult to ignite, however, developed when burning a lot of heat. * The birch wood is the only one which because of its high pitch content and wet, over medium heat burns, the bark is good for a fire to ignite. * Timber of fruit trees (apple, cherry, plum), as well as willow, linden, poplar, ash and chestnut trees burn very quickly, develop, however, neither heat nor hot.

“Ingredients” ready to lay.
It is an advantage the materials needed to fire to reach, because once the tinder smoulders, everything must go fast. (Flint and iron, scale, sawdust, small branches or Holzspreisel, pieces of wood in various sizes and in sufficient quantity)

As I ignite a fire?
… with flint and tinder: The usual method for us to ignite a fire is a fire-iron, a flint and tinder (Rohkolben or tree mushroom with saltpeter) to use. (It is very important that the scale is always kept dry, usually a high enough humidity so that the tinder catches no fire.) We are looking for a sharp edge on his stone, then put the scale, hold it with your thumb firmly and suggest that iron loose from the top down to edge along the stone, so stone and iron grind past each other. In this process, the sparks fly, and hopefully one in the tinder, which ignites them. The kokelnde tinder dry with sawdust or straw / hay around, between the palms and gently hineinpusten until the first small Flämmchen hochzüngeln. The Burning sawdust into the fire basket, with a handful still need to give and then small, thin branches and about Spreisel loose layers. Burns to the fire once the branches can be safely and bigger pieces of wood. … with Lampoil: The wood is too wet, the tinder to damp the flint does not work and nobody can produce a more help. Sometimes happens, then it is good but when a bottle of lamp oil finds in the warehouse. It stratifies the logs in the fireplace on pours lamp depending on humidity of the wood a little more or less. Those who have little or no experience with fire, it should also be a thin oblong piece of wood / branch at one end with Lampoil water, this fire with a lighter and then ignite the logs. It should be noted that the lamp never in the open fire will be injected!

There are several fire (eg Tippifeuer, fire star, fire bar, key fire, cross fire, reflector fire, fire pit, pyramid fire) All the ring, the mixture of the pyramids and the fire key for us, cooking, best armored. Burns to the fire initially constant with a small flame, then gradually nachgelegt are wood sh Figure 1.0. The logs are vertically and horizontally arranged, it is important to the flames to allow oxygen to come and therefore the timber loosely and with a lot of distance on top of each other zuschichten (Pyramid Fire) Picture number 1 must still be painted. The variation of the key fire (Figure 2.0) or in our case, T-Fire is ideally suited for cooking. In the upper part of the fire heat entertain, cook, etc. for water, while in the long course is also part of the resulting heat to be distributed, for example, with Grapes to cook or warm food ready lock. Image Nummer2 must still be painted.How to keep a fire going?
It simply keeps a fire burning in you at regular intervals, new wood nachlegt. If you want the logs to burn faster or bring redeploy to help the blowpipe, or a poker. The timber should always be stored dry, because it is in wet or damp condition bad burns and the smoke is very high, also fresh, not deposited wood is not suitable for Verschueren. Nevertheless, it is possible that the wood gets wet, they can be on the edge to the order to fire they allow to dry, because the wood in the core even after a long rain still mostly dry.

How do you delete a fire?
A fire goes out in the rule – if the fuel is finished. – When the temperature cools down too much. – If it gets no oxygen. The safest method is to fire with water to remove sand, rather than to accumulate it. This is water in small quantities to the fire spread, but do not submerge until the blaze is extinguished and no longer qualmt. To put out the turf in such a manner that they can easily continue to grow, the glow is no longer hot, because otherwise the roots are suffering under the heat.

What to do in an emergency?
Burning Fat When cooking it can always happen again, that the oil / grease / lard as frying in a pan or deep fat frying in a pan fire starts. Since we cook outdoors and us in any closed space, this is not bad, so keep calm. The vessel was ablaze from the fire immediately and take something away beside the fire place. In general, it is not the fire nor the extra oxygen escape, in which you compare it with a damp cloth covering, but enough of the vessel itself cauterize it. It must be noted that the underground can not burn (eg, dry grass in summer) and if the hob on a solar sail is tensioned, the receptacle is not included. In no case shall be tried brennede the grease / oil / fat with water to remove, because it has a  BIG FLAME to follow! ! !

Burns
What ever happen again is that you burn, be it directly to the flames, on a hot pot or hot fat splashes. Since this is usually a first-degree burns that just burned the body enough (approx. 15 minutes) is best under flowing cold water to cool. This measure is contrary to the bubble formation and reduces the pain. The application of fire ointment is not necessary. If someone has more burns apply, for example through spilled boiling water or hot oil, then in any case at most events are ready to look at paramedics or a doctor / hospital.

Further use of fire.
On our events will fire not only for cooking but also as a light source, in the form of lanterns, or tallow candles Kienspänen. What it should be noted here, there is: – to make sure that the candle is straight and firmly into the lantern and the lantern itself as stable on the table and can not tip over. – That one has to keep an eye on how far the candle has burned down, and if appropriate, renewed. – Make sure that the Talglich firmly on the table. – Nothing can drip out. – Not the wick zuweit heraushängt. – Make sure that the fixed Kienspanhalter eg lies in the wall and turn Kienspan not slip from the holder or fall. – That nothing is under the Kienspan reflecting falling sparks can ignite.

The basis for the common life in monasteries formed by Benedict of Nursia (* to 480, U at 547) and drawn by Aniane Benedict (d. 821) added code, which applies to all monastic communities should have validity. For inclusion in the Benedictine community of life, the novices, the three vows of stability (stability loci), the monastic life (conversatio monastica) and obedience (oboedientia medium). The recording procedure included a 4-5tägige examination at the guesthouse, a 1-year waiting period in the novices cells under supervision, during which the several religious rules were durchgenommen and finally the time professed, after the conclusion of the final professed came.

The wedding of the Benedictine Order located between 6 Century, in which Pope Gregory I (590 – 604), the exclusive adherence of Benedictine rule was issued, and the 13th century. With the advent of the mendicant orders takes its meaning from strong. As an important spin-off of the Benedictine Order, the Order of Cistercians, whose innovations (such as periodic visitations) and stricter rules ultimately influence on ancient monasteries benedictian`scher character took. The Benedictine Order has shown – unlike, for example the mendicant orders – always a feudal-style with some large and widely spread farmhouses. Besides the donations, known as “dowry” with new brothers in the abbey which were multiplied in the land owned by a monastery primarily through donations, rather than by acquisitions. Many nobles took the care and custody of Benedictine communities in when they saw their time come and have something for their souls wanted to do. In return, they wrote about lands and rights in favor of the abbeys. In this respect these possessions were far away, they were specifically exempted from brothers in their own homes (Grangier) in.
he pastoral and mild activities, such as in Premonstratensians, Franciscans and Dominicans, were in self-understanding of the Benedictine High Middle Ages is not one of the primary tasks of the Order. Benedictine understood at this time as “soldiers of God”, on their way through prayers and masses for the salvation disputed. Thus, for example every word that a monk wrote that as a blow against the destruction understood. In addition, many abbeys with their high number of service people is also a real army available, either by the abbot himself or by officers into the field could be. From her Urkonzeption was the responsibility of the people who are in the direct vicinity monastery lived, however foreseen.

Also in origin is not the primary objective of the Order was the planned relocation of people, unlike eg the Order of Cistercians of SUPER-PRETTY outlook for the population. As Benedictine monasteries in principle on self-sufficiency were created, there was actually no need to fall back on commercial goods. With the ever increasing division of inmates into the monastery monks, priests, lay brothers and tradesmen, which the priest monks more time for choral singing, study and copying of scriptures was the daily work but in the hands of lay brothers and craftsmen presented were the monasteries, but more and more of the input of the surrounding settlements dependent.

2. Benedict of Nursia

chon before his work had the monasticism with its goals of secession from the outer world, regular prayers and Psalms Fastentum disseminated. In addition to the lofty goals were also dark sides to recognize each of the monks could hardly be managed. From the life of St. Benedict, there are mainly records of Pope Gregory I (also known as “The Great” referred to). According to these records was taken from the around the year 480 Benedict, born of a distinguished family, based in Norcia (Nursia) in the province of Valeria / Apennines. His parents were probably intended for landed and were so educated and wealthy that they have been possible to study Benedict to Rome to give. His stay in Rome was only of short duration, with the year 498, the year of a double election of the Roman Bishop and the resulting civil war conditions, he broke from his training abruptly. This break is reflected in the significant underrepresentation of scientific studies and recognition of ancient authors in his conflicting religious rules.

Benedict joined initially in Endide (Affile) in southern Lazio to a Asketengemeinschaft, but soon left again to enter a hard-to-access rocky cave at Subiaco to find refuge. Contact us, he held only a monk, of which he is also the introduction to the monastic way of life was. One of the pillars in the Benedictine monastery of everyday life, namely, common prayer and shared meals, Benedict is in precisely this time by meeting with a World Priests for Easter, learn, and later in his religious rule have built. Subiaco learned soon after an influx of people who turned out to be but because of disputes within the religious leaders were not sustainable.

By the year 529, in which he moved after Campania and in Monte Cassino, a monastery founded, developed Benedict the 73 rules of the Benedictine Order. In the year 542, he was already so well known that King Totila personally went to the monastery, knowing him. In the last years of his life took Benedict also renewed contacts with his sister Scholastica, which will soon be below the Monte Cassino monastery, the first female Benedictine monastery founded and embossed with her brother stood in lively exchanges.

The exact year of death of the St. Benedict is not known, it is for the March 21, 547 was adopted. Character can Benedict of Nursia as a conservative in the true sense of the word are considered. His reorganization of existing structures, it was the monks provide a clear means in which they are based and can measure and provide for equal treatment in the monasteries sure. His religious rule is not of a piece, but pulls the content and structure ordering from earlier regulations, eg the Augustinian Rule, the Rule of St. Basilus and especially the Master Rule (Regula Magistri).

The resulting, in comparison to other codes only 73 short chapters, Benedictine rule contains less sharpening than its predecessors, leaves much open, cares little for details, or monastic rites and was therefore considered very adaptable to the realities of the North. As a principle, the rule clear that Benedict to the weaknesses of the body and therefore knew of exaggerated asceticism absah. Nevertheless it must be difficult for many people, even only a portion of the catalog requirement to follow.

3. Monastery Offices

The Benedictine monk in his monastery should be one, its natural assets corresponding fostered to a harmonious personality, with special emphasis on the other side to be objective. To achieve this lofty goal was at the head of the monastery, the abbot (abbas). It should – as an ideal – his monks at the same time teacher, loving father, shepherd, and still is a Peer to Peer (which rarely worked). The abbot was elected by the monks and took up his post for life. In the side of the Advisory Board of the older brothers (consilium) to him in important monastery had things to discuss, but only during the High Middle Ages through the canon a crucial vote received. The Second in the monastic order was the dean. He was both alternates of the abbot, as the origin of her interest of the representatives of the monks, during the time he was more for spiritual things and as a responsible means Prior. He often stood to the side of Subprior. The Probst (praepositus) was the economic leader of the monastery, the supervision of goods and property was entrusted.

Only this strict superiors at the monastery had a privileged position and remained the monks of aristocratic origin Reserved. The following posts were – in the ideal case – to the best brothers awarded, with the date of the monastery’s entrance and ethical origins in medieval times but got increasingly weight. An important post had Zellerar even Schaffner / Economist called. His task was to regulated supply of the monastery with food, the monitoring of inputs and outputs in dining and wardrobe, the calculation of taxes and revenue from its farms – it could also call Monastery accountant. Some of these duties in the Middle Ages were transmitted to the treasurer (Camerarius), the guest Pfleger (hospitarius), alms brother (alomoniarius), kitchen brother (refectarius) and sick brother (infirmarius). The cantor was the main task of monitoring and promotion of choral singing, in small monasteries versah he plays the role of the librarian, in the larger congregations with many codes and copyists, but was a separate office. The sacristan (sacratarius) took care of the liturgical vessels, vestments and church in general for the Treasury, but often still versah the Office of the reliquary, that in time of sexton (custos) was incorporated. The Office of Zeremoniars, as overseer of compliance with the rules of the Church’s worship, was probably at greater abbeys and was otherwise limited by prior or cantor worried. The tasks of the novice master, it is clear from its name. Larger monasteries were also still the Office of the brother porter (portarius), near the gate of his own cell, had to always answer questions them. For all these offices, the religious rule, aides to support, so that it is the entry way to a “monastic career” can be seen.

Besides the monks priests (Father) was (and is) the state of the monks, Brother (Brother). This was in contrast to the Patern no degree in theology and often occurred in later years of life in a convent, as is often the earliest age recorded priest monks. The monastery then profited from the experience of life, a brother with revenue. Not to confuse the lay brothers (= Konversbrüder / Conversi fratres), in the Benedictine monasteries since the 10th Century increasingly occurring. They were secular servant, which the sacred monks created similar Habit got themselves on the merits but with the work involved. Harriers and electoral votes as they were not brothers. Fraternal inhabited a separate part of the monastery, of which the father and brother had similar, but has been kept simple.

4. Everyday
Agenda

After an approximately seven-night’s rest was at 1.00 clock (in the winter months later) to the vigils or called Nocturne. Weekdays 6 psalms were first prayed, then three lessons from renowned church fathers (in the summer months from Easter to 1 November only one lesson), it connected again 6 Psalms. On Sundays and holidays after the first 6 lessons read four psalms, which again Psalms 6 and a further four lessons followed. Then followed by three Kantika from hl. Scripture, four lessons from the New Testament, and finally the hymn “Te deum laudanus”. Individual psalms were on Sundays and public holidays Kehrverse and refrains vorangeschickt, but after each Psalms was the “Gloria patri” are sung. The individual lessons were interrupted by responsories in the alternation of solo and choir singing have been presented.

On Sundays and feast days followed immediately on the vigils Lauds (now called Matins and clock held from 5.00), followed on weekdays between vigils and Lauds a break, often for further use was sleeping. To Lauds were the 66th, the 50th, two variable and the 148th to 150 Psalm prayed about daybreak closed. The real morning Prim prayer was called and took place in full daylight. As for the third (9.00 clock), the sixth (12.00 clock) and Non (15.00 clock) were in the Prim a hymn with three psalms prayed. The Vespers (17.00 clock) included four psalms and a hymn. The compline against 18:00 clock, the evening prayer with three psalms and a hymn, under which the monks went to sleep.

In addition to the recurring prayers were the 150 psalms in such a way that all at least once per week were praying, but some enjoyed a higher popularity. Looking at these o.g. Statement, it is clear that for actually following the orders or rules intended to create handmade and copying codices little time left. So were many exceptions, their number would be beyond the scope. Field, thus leaving the monastery walls, was a Benedictine only in special orders of the abbot allowed, eg Codices to other monasteries to see Grangier to Visitieren or Pfründner reside. After such a journey and the abbot of reporting such a monk had to confess to “the free world to make” and his sins – he certainly will have committed – to repent. His brothers, he was compared to silence bound, so that their spirit is not of “travel” has been confused.
Meals

In the period from Easter to Pentecost were the monks assigned to two meals daily, one lunch, the other evening, and besides per 500g of bread and a monk hemina wine (0.25 liters) or 2 Heminen beer with two different courts were available, the fruit and vegetables of the season were completed. The degree of drinks always provided material for discussion. Sah Benedict in his Rule as the highest level of this in “The wine itself is not sent for monks, because the monks, but today is not to convince, so we want to at least reasonably be interpreted as meaning that we are not up to saturation, but moderate drinking . ‘(Rule 40, by the extent of the drink), so was the notion hemina the growing demand more and more adapted. From Whitsun to mid-September, Wednesdays and Fridays only one meal hours applied to the 9th, from 14 September to the beginning Lent only one meal a day (including Sundays). 40tägigen During Lent (Quadragesima) was the only meal held after vespers. The word “fasting” requires a short explanation: With fasting was not necessarily meant forgoing a quantitative (ie starvation ), but a qualitative restriction of food used for food. So renounced the communities of Lent on the preparation of four-footed animals – poultry, however, as was allowed, as is any kind of fish.

The exceptions were also many: How could the commandment of meat in the bypass, in which a monk when sick brother volunteered, because patients were assigned to meat. Also in Fast Times was the only meal are either very abundant (although the cooks in their titling of the courts and used ingredients true masters of camouflage were), or there were guests and hosts, of which the monks as well. One of the meals (and everywhere else throughout the day) was the silence bid probably one of the most difficult conditions of a monk. If we understand that, we operated a sign language in the 11th century already contained 359 words. Obviously there will be monks have given just these religious rules in their often contradictory diversity could understand and comply with. These were, however, especially in his own lifetime as viewed by God appointed, whereas the “normal” Benedictine variety of reasons could join the Order, which is not necessarily renouncing worldly pleasures included.

To what extent have the religious founder Benedict of Nursia, the fallibility of his brothers was involved, it is possible to order the rules 36 (From the sick brothers), 37 (Old and children), as well as 39 and 40 (degree of food and beverages) ersehen, but also a also recorded his system of fines and penalties for misconduct.
Premises

The choir was first prayer held in the oratory, and later joined in its place, the monastery church. Many monasteries had larger two churches, one for the monks, priests, another for the lay brothers, besides some small chapels and niches for different saints. The Kapitellsaal was both for the deliberations of the brothers used, as well as for the weekly work distribution.

Ideally, all dined in the refectory monks sitting side by side, what the early High Middle Ages by the separation of simple monastic superiors and brothers were removed. The table service as well as the Office of the table reader (of his meals in the kitchen without supervision received, what the popularity of the Office have promoted) went round with weekly change. Geschlafen was first in the common dormitorium originally a large, unheated hall, as the only warm place was the heat in the winter room. With the spatial separation of the monks, priests and lay brothers were given their own premises, while the monks studied individual cells were monastery. The abbot had in the High Middle Ages on their own premises, because he had to receive guests and ceremonial duties / rights enjoyed. Guests residing in either the hospice or in a separate wing of the abbey. Also separated the hospital, workshops, kitchen and bakery.

Clothing

Each congregation had its peculiarities in her nun’s habit, because according to the instructions of St. Benedict who always dress for the substance should be used, taking into account the technical conditions of the weather – at least cost – the best possible protection should be provided. It was the abbot of the Congregation imposed any monk under the Acts of the Apostles “Everyone has been allocated as much as he had need (Acts 4, 35)” is necessary to grant all about it but to remove the iniquities of private ownership documents.
As a basic configuration according to the Order was a monk Rule 55 provides:

* 2 tunics (Winter -> wool / summer -> canvas), long cut usually with short sleeves;
* 2 cowl or Kappa (1 Sommerset / 1 Winterset), a kind of mantle, head, arms and shoulders covered
* In the High Middle Ages developed some of the tunics Untertuniken under which a shirt was worn, the cowl was in this case by a thick woolen tunic top in winter and a thin upper tunic replaced in the summer;
* Gugel, a head, neck and shoulders covering cap, until the High Middle Ages with the advent of sub-or Obertuniken came into fashion;
* Scapular, a rest on the shoulders, fore and aft hang fabric with / without straps to the high aprons tunics;
* Flokke or Floccus, a development of the cowl in the High Middle Ages, with long, wide sleeves and a hood (as was especially monks robes of the priests in the choir into service);
* Femoralien, a kind of trousers whose permanent allocation but the climatic conditions depended;
* Fußlappen / socks and a simple, closed shoes
* Bedding (mat / towel / blanket / pillow)
* Belt / Essmesser / Needle / handkerchief
* With slate pencil.

If a monk has been sent on trips, he got on demand from the wardrobe additionally Pants (Femoralien) and an over coat (sometimes with an additional hood) out, after which he returned again washed there must had. The same was done with worn or no longer suitable clothing for the output of the lay brothers, or poor treatment.

The origin of individual monks were in the preparation of equipment and food included. How could a brother noble birth – according to one of the basic rules of Benedictine communities “Each has been allocated as much as he had need (Acts 4, 35)” – quality clothes and body cells receive, as a monk meaner origin. Even were such brothers often shared by the handwork than others and were able to devote occupations. Also, the rule 39 and 40 (amount of food and drink) and hence the allocation by the abbot in person to the respective needs of the individual monk, so that it was possible, an abundant food Vertilger brother, alongside a lean ascetics at the table to find. The resulting unavoidable unwillingness briefly held the brothers also governed the monastery order – but to the detriment of the ascetics.
Dealing

From the Order was her rule the monk to the abbot and his representatives (Prior, Subprior, Probst) obliged to obedience. Orders were imposed without a murmur to be done – including offenses were by exclusion from the trade fairs, through food deprivation, through punishment and also by excluding them from the abbey punished. In the hierarchy of the monastery, the monks, the younger elderly, the lower by the higher made to obey, which is not always without displeasure expired. Under the rule, Benedict had the monks “unremittingly to try to silence.” Discussions were necessary for the interview room (parlor), while others had to listen to monks in order to minimize unauthorized subjects. Similarly, the rules dealing with non-members of the monastery. Contacts monks were only selected after special permission of the Abbot possible (so the abbot himself, the Prior, the Zellerar and his brother Ushers and their assistants). These were conversations with women to avoid.

anno 2005!

Al Gore und Wolfgang Wimmer bei der Besichtigung der Biogasanlage der Stadt München

How the son of a Kenyan economist became an Illinois Everyman.

The climax of Barack Obama’s 1995 memoir, “Dreams from My Father,” occurs in rural Kenya when the author sits between the graves of his father and his grandfather and weeps. Obama, then in his late twenties, hardly knew his father and never met his grandfather, but in the course of writing the book he had learned their stories in devastating detail. Both were proud, ambitious men who travelled far from the Luo-speaking villages where they grew up—indeed, Obama’s grandmother still has her son’s Harvard diploma hanging in her house nearby. Their respective struggles in the world ended painfully, in bitter loneliness. Beside their graves, Obama, a middle-class American, both mourns and, for the first time, understands his African forebears.

People in Illinois seem largely unaware of Obama’s long, annealing trip into their midst, although they often remark on his unusual calm. Now forty-two and a state senator, Obama emerged, in March, from a raucous primary as the Democratic nominee for the United States Senate. In a seven-person field, he received a remarkable fifty-three per cent of the vote—he even won the “collar” counties around Chicago, communities that supposedly would never support a black candidate. And everyone recalls that, as the votes were being tallied at his headquarters on Election Night, he seemed to be the least agitated person in the place.

Obama’s Republican opponent in November will be Jack Ryan, a wealthy political neophyte. The seat they are competing for is now held by a Republican, Peter Fitzgerald, who is retiring. An Obama victory thus would move the Senate Democrats, at present outnumbered fifty-one to forty-eight, one seat closer to a majority. It also would make Obama only the third African-American to serve in the Senate since Reconstruction.

On a raw, rainy late-April day in Springfield, the state capital, Obama, who represents a district on Chicago’s South Side, ducked out of the statehouse for a meeting with labor leaders from southern Illinois at an A.F.L.-C.I.O. building down the street. “This is a kiss-and-make-up session,” he told me as we entered a ground-floor conference room—the state A.F.L.-C.I.O. had supported one of his opponents in the Democratic primary. Twenty-five white males, in windbreakers and golf shirts, sat around the room. They represented the building trades—the painters’ union, the carpenters.

Obama, lanky and dapper in a dark suit, his shoulders almost strangely relaxed, seemed to know most of the men there. He broke the ice with a joke at the expense of Ed Smith, a huge, tough-looking delegate from Cairo. Obama had met Smith’s mother on a recent downstate swing and had discovered that “she’s the one who really calls the shots there.” Smith laughed, and the other delegates said they wanted her phone number. Then Obama gave a short, blunt, pro-labor speech. The men eyed him carefully. Heads began nodding slowly, jaws set, as he drove his points home: “two hundred thousand jobs lost in Illinois under Bush; overtime rights under threat for eight million workers nationally; the right to organize being eroded.” Then he said, “I need your help,” and took questions.

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The questions were terse, specific, well informed. They dealt with federal highway funding, non-union companies coming in from out of state on big contracts, the implications of the Free Trade Area of the Americas agreement. Obama listened closely, and his answers were fluent and dauntingly knowledgeable, but he kept his language colloquial. “It’s not enough just to vote right,” he said. “You gotta advocate. You gotta reframe the debate, use informal power. A lot of these bills coming up now are lose-lose for Democrats.”

“That’s right,” somebody said.

“I have a reputation as this abstract guy talking about civil rights,” Obama went on. “But anybody who knows my state legislative district knows I fight for our share of resources. And I will fight for Illinois highway dollars.”

He mostly told the union men what they wanted to hear. Then he said, “There’s nobody in this room who doesn’t believe in free trade,” which provoked a small recoil. These men were ardent protectionists. A little later, he said, with conviction, “I want India and China to succeed”—a sentiment not much heard in the outsourcing-battered heartland. He went on, however, to criticize Washington and Wall Street for not looking after American workers.

Later, I asked him if he wasn’t waving a red flag in front of labor by talking about free trade. “Look, those guys are all wearing Nike shoes and buying Pioneer stereos,” he said. “They don’t want the borders closed. They just don’t want their communities destroyed.”

Back at the statehouse, Obama, who is chairman of the Health and Human Services Committee, rushed from meeting to floor vote to committee room. Everybody seemed to want a word with him. Terry Link, the senate majority whip, complained about Obama’s successes in a long-running poker game. “I’m putting his kids through college,” Link said. Kirk Dillard, a leading Republican senator from the Chicago suburbs, looked chagrined when I asked him about Obama. “I knew from the day he walked into this chamber that he was destined for great things,” he said. “In Republican circles, we’ve always feared that Barack would become a rock star of American politics.” Still, Dillard was gracious. “Obama is an extraordinary man,” he said. “His intellect, his charisma. He’s to the left of me on gun control, abortion. But he can really work with Republicans.” Dillard and Obama have co-sponsored many bills. Though Dillard was unwilling to concede the general election to Obama, he described Illinois as “a major player in recognizing African-Americans. We are proudly the state that produced Abraham Lincoln.”

Obama was actually born in Hawaii. His father, also named Barack Obama, was a foreign student there. His mother, Ann, was white, and only eighteen when she married his father. She and her parents, originally from Kansas, had moved to Honolulu. When her husband left for Harvard, she and their toddler stayed behind—there was no money in his scholarship for them to go East—and the father ultimately returned alone to Kenya, where he worked as a government economist. Barack’s mother’s second marriage, to an Indonesian oil manager, occasioned a move to Jakarta, when Barack was six. He lived there for four years, and in his book he writes about his time in Indonesia as simultaneously lush and a harrowing exposure to tropical poverty—more harrowing, perhaps, for his mother than for the little boy who barely remembered any other life. Then Barack returned to Hawaii, where he was brought up largely by his grandparents. The family lived in a small apartment—Barack’s grandfather was a furniture salesman and, later, an unsuccessful insurance agent; his grandmother worked in a bank—but Barack managed to get into Punahou School, Hawaii’s top prep academy. His mother always said that he got his brains from his father, and he was raised on tales of his father’s brilliance. The great man wrote to them regularly, but, though he travelled around the world on official business for Kenya, he visited only once, when Barack was ten.

He was a black child, by American lights, but his mother and his grandparents—the only family he knew—were “white folks,” and his confusion was acute. In “Dreams from My Father,” Obama describes how, as a teen-ager, he tried marijuana and cocaine. (“I guess you’d have to say I wasn’t a politician when I wrote the book,” he told me. “I wanted to show how and why some kids, maybe especially young black men, flirt with danger and self-destruction.”) He went to Columbia University, and liked New York, but he found the city’s racial tension inescapable. It “flowed freely,” he wrote in his memoir—“not just out on the streets but in the stalls of Columbia’s bathrooms as well, where, no matter how many times the administration tried to paint them over, the walls remained scratched with blunt correspondence between niggers and kikes. It was as if all middle ground had collapsed.”

Fired with political idealism, he decided to become a community organizer. He wrote to organizations all over the United States, and finally got one reply, from Chicago. He moved there, going to work for a tiny, church-based group that was trying to help residents of poor South Side neighborhoods cope with a wave of plant closings. It was a humbling, exhausting, and only rarely edifying job; Obama stuck with it for three years. “Chicago” is the longest section of his memoir, and in many ways the bleakest, for it tunnels deep into the bedrock of inner-city despair and inadequate politics and black selfdestruction. It is also an unsentimental celebration of the city, which has a rich lode of brash, bluesy charm, of course, but also was a place for a serious, talented, too cosmopolitan young African-American to sink some roots. There is a lovely scene describing a black barbershop in Hyde Park that Obama wandered into soon after arriving in the city. He still gets his hair cut there, twenty years later.

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Obama left organizing to attend Harvard Law School, and in 1990 he became the first African-American president of the Harvard Law Review. Abner Mikva, a five-term congressman from Illinois who was at that time Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. circuit, tried to recruit Obama as a clerk, a position considered a stepping stone to clerking on the Supreme Court, but Obama turned him down. “He could have gone to the most opulent of law firms,” David Axelrod, a longtime friend who is now Obama’s media adviser, said. “After Harvard, Obama could have done anything he wanted.” What he wanted was to practice civil-rights law in Chicago, and he did, representing victims of housing and employment discrimination and working on voting-rights legislation for a small public-interest firm. He also began teaching at the University of Chicago Law School, although he declined to pursue a tenure-track post, hoping to save time for politics. And when he got the chance to run for the state senate in his district, which included both Hyde Park—the home of the university—and some of the poorest ghettos on the South Side, he jumped at it.

“People are whupped,” Obama told me. “I’m whupped. My wife is whupped. Unless it’s your job to be curious, who really has the time to sit and ask questions and explore issues?”

He didn’t look whupped. Still loose and alert after a long day, Obama was sipping iced tea in a busy, Caribbean-themed restaurant in a small shopping center in Hyde Park. But he had already spent sixteen months running for the Senate—and seven years as a state senator—and he could ruefully sympathize with the political apathy of the average beleaguered citizen. Tonight, he had turned his cell phone off and dismissed his aides; he just wanted to get home for the bedtimes of his daughters, who are two and five. His wife, Michelle, is also a lawyer, and their daily lives are the familiar three-ring American family circus—even without the steroidal additive of Barack’s political career. Yet Barack had been reluctant to take even a semester off from teaching while campaigning, partly because he needs the income. To survive this campaign financially, the Obamas will take out a second mortgage on their apartment.

“Teaching keeps you sharp,” Obama said. “The great thing about teaching constitutional law”—his subject—“is that all the tough questions land in your lap: abortion, gay rights, affirmative action. And you need to be able to argue both sides. I have to be able to argue the other side as well as Scalia does. I think that’s good for one’s politics.”

Every few minutes, our conversation was interrupted by passersby congratulating Obama on his primary victory. The people who stopped to shake his hand were black and white, old and young, professors and car mechanics. Some Obama obviously knew. Others seemed to be strangers. He was affable with everyone, smiling warmly, but in exchanges that lasted more than a few seconds it was possible to see him slipping subtly into the idiom of his interlocutor—the blushing, polysyllabic grad student, the hefty black church-pillar lady, the hip-hop autoshop guy. Black activists sometimes say that African-American kids need to become “bi-dialectic”—to speak both black English and standard English—to succeed. Obama, the biracial kid from Hawaii, speaks a full range of American vernaculars.

After each interruption, he would resume. Americans aren’t simply too tired to think about politics, he said; they’re being deliberately turned off. “If you make political discourse sufficiently negative, more people will become cynical and stop paying attention. That leaves more space for special interests to pursue their agendas, and that’s how we end up with drug companies making drug policy, energy companies making energy policy, and multinationals making trade policy.”

To an outsider with only the broadest idea of Chicago politics, Obama’s victory in the Democratic primary actually looked like a victory over cynicism. He had not slimed his opponents. Nor was he the candidate of the fabled local machine—that was Dan Hynes, the state’s comptroller, who comes from a powerful Illinois political family. Precinct captains and party organizations and old-line labor unions (most of the Teamsters, the A.F.L.-C.I.O.) had supported Hynes. The machine, however, is an outdated conceit. “A few creaky parts still work,” David Axelrod told me. “They can still elect a few water commissioners or sub-circuit-level judges. But no precinct captain can tell people how to vote for President or the Senate.”

Obama had to overtake not only Hynes but also a former securities trader named Blair Hull, who spent twenty-nine million dollars on his campaign and, as a result, led in the polls until the closing weeks. Hull’s popularity vanished after lurid details of his divorce surfaced, including accusations that he had struck his ex-wife. Obama, meanwhile, attracted legions of fervent volunteers. “People call it drinking the juice,” Dan Shoman, the political director of Obama’s campaign, said. “People start drinking the Obama juice. You can’t find enough for them to do.”

Obama’s core support in the primary came from African-Americans, most of them in Chicago, and from “lakefront liberals”—residents of the city’s swankier boroughs, most of them white professionals. Among the latter, many had been drawn initially by Obama’s early opposition to the invasion of Iraq. Apparently, few who heard a speech that he gave at an antiwar rally in downtown Chicago in the fall of 2002—months before he announced for the Senate—forgot it. “It was the best antiwar speech I have ever heard, bar none,” a lifelong Democratic activist, now in her late sixties, told me.

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I asked Obama about that speech.

“I noticed that a lot of people at that rally were wearing buttons saying, ‘War Is Not an Option,’ ” he said. “And I thought, I don’t agree with that. Sometimes war is an option. The Civil War was worth fighting. World War Two. So I got up and said that, among other things.” What he said, among other things, was “I am not opposed to all wars. I’m opposed to dumb wars.” Invading and occupying Iraq, he said, would be “a rash war, a war based not on reason but on passion, not on principle but on politics.”

Abner Mikva told me, “Barack is the most unique political talent I’ve run into in more than fifty years. I haven’t been this excited about a candidate since Adlai Stevenson first got me into politics.” As an illustration of Obama’s gifts, Mikva said, “I’ve seen him speak on Israel in front of a Jewish audience—a very, very tough crowd. And he was incredibly thoughtful, saying, basically, ‘There are a lot of people in that area, with lots of different interests and points of view, and they all have to be taken into consideration, and we can’t just rally around Sharon,’ and so on. And the crowd was just wowed. I’ve fluffed that question so many times myself—and I’m Jewish. Kerry fluffed it on ‘Meet the Press’ the other day. But Barack managed to make those people who disagreed with him feel comfortable with the disagreement.”

This is a regular theme with Obama: supporters who disagree with him. The two big Chicago daily papers both endorsed him enthusiastically in the primary, even though they disagreed with him on major issues—his opposition to the war in Iraq and, in the case of the Tribune, his opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement.

This seems to be a pattern in Illinois. Paul Simon was the most respected political figure in the state for decades. He was a liberal Democrat who came from a conservative downstate region where his name remains political gold. The universal explanation for Simon’s near-universal popularity is “integrity,” and this spring I heard the word a lot from people discussing Obama. It refers to consistency and incorruptibility, but also to a refusal to resort to smear politics. The cultural and political distance between Chicago’s South Side and southern Illinois is vast—Cairo is closer to Little Rock than it is to Chicago, “and not just geographically,” as Obama likes to say. Voters in such disparate places will never agree on affirmative action, gun control, or many other issues that Obama has taken clear positions on. And yet, in a state with a population that is only fifteen per cent African-American, he needs to campaign hard downstate, far from his base, making his pitch on economic issues and personal appeal.

Obama’s ease in front of predominantly white crowds—or, for that matter, all-white crowds—is a source of wonderment in Illinois. I’ve seen it, and it looks so effortless that it doesn’t seem remarkable. The sight of big white corn farmers proudly wearing big blue “obama” buttons and lining up to shake his hand is, I must say, slightly more striking.

In a packed community center near Decatur, in central Illinois, Obama was addressing a crowd of a couple of hundred. Ryan Marucco, the president of the Young Democrats of Macon County, told me,“I just never heard anybody speak like him before.” Marucco, apple-cheeked and short-haired, wore a necktie with an American Eagle on it. “It’s like he’s talking to you, and not to a crowd.”

Obama began by saying, as he often does, that people were always getting his name wrong, calling him “Alabama” or “Yo Mama.” The crowd roared with laughter. In Swahili, he said, Barack means “blessing.” Then he took the question of racial difference head on, declaring, “We have shared values, values that aren’t black or white or Hispanic—values that are American, and Democratic.”

He went on, “People are always asking me, ‘Why, with these fancy degrees and a professorship, would you want to go into something dirty and nasty like politics?’ And my answer is ‘We’ve got too much cynicism in this country, and we’re all in this together, and government expresses that.’ ”

Two big factories in Decatur had closed in recent years, and thousands of jobs were lost. Obama told the crowd, “We have an Administration that believes that the government’s role is to protect the powerful from the powerless.” The little community center rang with angry acclamation. This situation could be changed, Obama said. “Take a leap of faith with me.”

Later, rolling through the flatlands of central Illinois in a leased S.U.V., Obama offered an explanation of his ability to connect with white rural and small-town voters. “I know those people,” he said. “Those are my grandparents. The food they serve is the food my grandparents served when I was growing up. Their manners, their sensibility, their sense of right and wrong—it’s all totally familiar to me.”

In an essay in The New Republic, Noam Scheiber argues that, apart from charisma, what makes Obama such a strong candidate outside the black community is precisely his exotic (and unthreatening) background—everything that serves to differentiate him from what white voters might see as stereotypically African-American.

In his brief career, Obama has probably faced more political strife from within the black community than from without. Chicago’s South Side has been a black-majority congressional district for many generations, and in 1992, when Obama returned from law school, he led a registration drive that put a hundred and fifty thousand new voters on the rolls, helping Bill Clinton carry Illinois. But when Obama started running for office he was a newcomer, not deeply connected. He wasn’t “black enough,” with his light skin and fancy education and big law-school job at the University of Chicago. He hadn’t paid his dues.

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These reservations came to the fore in 2000, when Obama made an ill-advised run for Congress. The incumbent, Bobby Rush, was a former Black Panther who had been in office four terms. Obama thought he was a lacklustre representative. Still, Rush beat him soundly in the primary. On Election Day, Obama recalls, people going to the polls told him he seemed like a nice fellow, with some good ideas. “But Bobby ain’t done nothing wrong,” they said.

More recently, Emil Jones, Jr., the president of the state senate and a senior figure in Illinois black politics, has heard other members of the black caucus in Springfield complain that he has been favoring Obama, giving him credit for their legislative work in order to build up his protégé’s résumé. Jones scoffed at the complaints when we talked. (“Crabs in a barrel.”) Obama, he said, was an extremely unusual politician, able to work with all sorts of people, even white conservatives. It made him the obvious leader on important bipartisan legislation. Jones didn’t deny having a role in helping Obama succeed: “You can have a dynamic running back, but if he can’t get out of the backfield he can’t show what he can do.”

Jones then did a strange thing. He is an older man, very dark-skinned, gruff, and given to referring to politics as “this business.” But he got up, walked around from behind his desk, held out his arms, and peered into the middle distance, grinning unself-consciously. We were in a gray-walled office on the sixteenth floor of a building in downtown Chicago. Jones sighed happily. “One day, I want to retire, and sit back and watch him on the national scene.”

In Springfield, Obama led a campaign for death-penalty reforms that resulted in unprecedented legislation, requiring the police to videotape all interrogations in cases involving capital crimes. Jan Schakowsky, a liberal Democratic congresswoman who represents Evanston and parts of north Chicago, told me that she thought the reforms were terrific but that, statewide, such things would never be popular, and that Obama was doing himself no favors politically by championing them. Similarly, Obama recently co-sponsored landmark legislation to curb racial profiling—not a popular issue outside minority communities, and not, therefore, a smart move for a man running for the U.S. Senate.

Obama seems to be a true legislation nerd. When he talks about the maneuvering it took to line up the state’s prosecutors behind the videotape bill, and to keep the police associations neutral, his eyes narrow in pleasure. “You can’t always come up with the optimal solution, but you can usually come up with a better solution,” he said over lunch one afternoon. “A good compromise, a good piece of legislation, is like a good sentence.” He nodded. Miles Davis’s “Kind of Blue” was playing in the background. “Or a good piece of music,” he said. “Everybody can recognize it. They say, ‘Huh. It works. It makes sense.’ That doesn’t happen too often, of course, but it happens.”

Obama married into a black working-class South Side family, and he clearly feels at home there. “We tease,” his wife, Michelle, said. “He had this mixed-up, international childhood, while I was Chicago all the way. Big family. My grandmother lived five blocks away. Ozzie and Harriet, Barack says. Really, though, we’re both Midwesterners. Underneath it all, he’s very Kansas, because of his grandparents and his mom. Our families get along great.”

I asked Michelle about her childhood. “I was just a typical South Side little black girl,” she said. “Not a whole lot of money. Going to the circus once a year was a big deal. Getting pizza on Friday was a treat. Summers were long and fun.” Michelle’s father was a city worker, her grandfather a handyman. “They were bright, articulate, well-read men,” she says. “If they’d been white, they would have been the heads of banks.”

Michelle, who is tall and elegant and frank, learned something about who became heads of banks after she finished public high school with top marks and followed her brother, Craig, to Princeton. “I enjoyed it there,” she said. “I liked the safety and quiet. It helped having an older brother who was a basketball star.” (Craig Robinson is the fourth-leading scorer in Princeton history.) “Of course, it was different, being black, but I found a black support base for myself. It was also different not being filthy rich.” She laughed. “At the end of the year, these limos would come to get kids, and me and my brother would be carrying our cardboard boxes down to the train station. But it helped my confidence, being able to succeed there. I actually knew lots of kids in high school who could have competed there, academically. You just had to get in. So much of getting ahead in this world is access, networking.”

Michelle went on to Harvard Law School, then returned to Chicago, where she went to work at a downtown firm. In her first year, she was assigned to be an adviser to a summer associate from Harvard—Obama. He turned out to have little interest in corporate law but plenty of interest in Michelle. They both moved into the public sector. Michelle now works at the University of Chicago Hospital, as executive director of community affairs. We met in her office, on a radiant spring morning. Like her husband, Michelle claimed to be totally frazzled, yet she looked remarkably fit, cheerful, relaxed. “I’ve got a job, and I’m the primary caregiver for two very bright little girls,” she said. “It’s crazy. It’s not realistic.”

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I asked Michelle about being a political wife.

“It’s hard,” she said. She smiled slyly. “And that’s why Barack is such a grateful man.”

Jan Schakowsky told me about a recent visit she had made to the White House with a congressional delegation. On her way out, she said, President Bush noticed her “obama” button. “He jumped back, almost literally,” she said. “And I knew what he was thinking. So I reassured him it was Obama, with a ‘b.’ And I explained who he was. The President said, ‘Well, I don’t know him.’ So I just said, ‘You will.’ ”

Illinois has been getting steadily more Democratic in recent years. Bill Clinton won Illinois twice, the second time by a bigger margin, and in 2000 Al Gore won it, fifty-five per cent to forty-three. The state Republican Party is in disarray. Its most recent governor, George Ryan, left office in disgrace in 2002; he is now under indictment on more than twenty counts of official corruption. Things look so bad for Republicans in Illinois that it’s widely said that the Bush-Cheney campaign will not contest the state.

But the U.S. Senate, where no Republican seat can be surrendered without a fight, is another matter. And to national strategists Jack Ryan should look like a candidate who can beat Obama. Although most of the money Ryan spent in winning the Republican primary was his own, he is not the usual vanity candidate. (“Six-foot-four and Hollywood handsome,” the columnist George Will has written, noting that Ryan “keeps in moral and physical trim by going to Mass and the gym each morning.”) Ryan went to Harvard Law School, too—and Harvard Business School—and is indeed, at forty-four, good-looking. He was born in Wilmette, a wealthy suburb north of Chicago, and still lives there. He was once married to Jeri Ryan, a television actress now on “Boston Public.” Ryan made his fortune as a partner at Goldman, Sachs, but he left the firm in 2000 to teach for three years at an all-black, inner-city Catholic boys’ high school in Chicago. During each of those years, Ryan points out, every graduate of the school was accepted in college.

When we met, he talked almost exclusively about the urgent need to expand economic opportunity for the poor. And he laughed sharply when I said that “civil-rights, social-justice issues,” as he called them, were not usually considered big vote-getters among Republicans. “Republicans haven’t been trying to reach the bottom twenty per cent,” he said, meaning the poor. “But Democrats have started taking them for granted.” Ryan thinks that the best way to help the poor is to give them school vouchers and easier access to business capital. He fiercely opposes gun control, abortion, and same-sex marriage, supports the war in Iraq, and favors the abolition of the capital-gains tax—indeed, his hostility to taxes is so strong that he was endorsed by Jack Kemp and has become a favorite candidate of the Club for Growth, the Washington-based anti-tax lobby, which recently spent two million dollars in the Pennsylvania Republican primary in an unsuccessful effort to defeat Senator Arlen Specter.

Other potential large contributors have reportedly been given pause, however, by unresolved questions about his divorce, in 1999, from Jeri Ryan. When Jack Ryan sued to have some of the divorce records sealed, her lawyer initially contended that the maneuver was an effort to suppress information that might damage his future political career. Ryan says that he was only concerned about the possible effect on their nine-year-old son. For a time, the issue threatened to derail his primary campaign. Obama has said that the subject has no place in the Senate race.

After winning the nomination, Ryan gave a press conference in the statehouse pressroom in Springfield, where reporters traditionally test candidates on their knowledge of state government. It wasn’t an auspicious début. Ryan declared that the number of state employees in Illinois had risen to nearly eight hundred and fifty thousand—the actual number is about sixty thousand—and accused Obama of having voted for a number of new fees and taxes that he had actually voted against.

Ryan’s political instinct was nonetheless sound. As a four-term legislator, Obama has a long voting record that can be hung around his neck. He has, for example, fought the insurance industry hard and successfully over health care for poor children—and might be blamed for helping push up local rates.

Ryan told me that he will also be watching closely for contradictions between Obama’s statements in the primary campaign and what he is saying now to the general electorate. “Voters, in my view, have a high antenna for inconsistency,” Ryan said. He had already heard about shifts, for instance, in Obama’s position on the Bush tax cuts. Back when Obama was speaking to Democrats alone, he had called for across-the-board repeals—now he was talking about repealing only the tax cuts of the wealthiest five per cent. (The Ryan campaign was unable to document this alleged discrepancy.)

The left in Illinois, as it happens, is monitoring Obama for similar trimming toward the political center. When his speech at the antiwar rally in 2002 was quietly removed from his campaign Web site, activists found that to be an ominous sign. It is traditional, of course, for politicians to tack to the center after winning a primary, hoping to attract swing voters. Earlier this month, when major newspapers (including the Times) and leading Democrats (including Illinois’s other senator, Dick Durbin) began calling for the resignation of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld as a result of the Abu Ghraib prison-torture revelations, Obama criticized the Administration’s Iraq policy, but added, “I have no doubt about Donald Rumsfeld’s sincerity.” Deciding Rumsfeld’s fate, he said, should be left to President Bush.

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Two weeks ago, after a poll showed Obama leading statewide by sixteen points, Jack Ryan hired a new media consultant, Scott Howell—a development that, as the Chicago Sun-Times noted dryly, “could change the tone” of the Senate race. Howell, a Texan, is best known for having worked on the 2002 Senate campaign of Saxby Chambliss, in Georgia. Chambliss, in an upset, defeated Senator Max Cleland, a popular veteran who lost both legs and an arm in the Vietnam War. Chambliss’s people produced an extraordinary TV commercial that questioned Cleland’s commitment to national defense by combining images of him, Osama bin Laden, and Saddam Hussein. Ryan’s campaign manager said that Howell was hired “because he wins.”

Another Ryan campaign worker started making news last week. Justin Warfel, a young man with a shaved head, suddenly attached himself to Obama, and, armed with a video camera and a tape recorder, began following him everywhere around Springfield. His mission, according to the Ryan campaign, was to “make sure Obama has a consistent message,” and a campaign spokesperson called it “standard practice in national politics.” Warfel’s methods, however, were unusually aggressive. He followed Obama’s every movement, even private conversations, holding his camera, according to the Associated Press, “less than two feet from Obama’s face, barking questions.” Tom Massey, who has been the pressroom manager in the Springfield statehouse for twenty-five years, said, “I’ve never seen anything like it before. This is a new low in Illinois politics.” The Republican leader of the state senate, Frank Watson, was also critical, telling the A.P., “I don’t care if you’re in public life or who you are, you deserve your space.”

Obama told local reporters, “Everybody knows politics is a contact sport,” and he told me that he felt sorry for Warfel, but it was obvious that he was angry that even his phone conversations with his wife and daughters were being monitored. “Scorched-earth politics,” he said. “Precisely the kind of politics I want to change.” When I called Ryan’s press secretary, Kelli Phiel, she was unapologetic: “I guarantee you that if Mr. Obama were to ask Justin to step back a foot or two, Justin would do so.” ♦

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• About an hour later, a plane crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, part of which later collapsed.

• Sources say a second plane was heading toward the Pentagon; F-16 jets were in the air monitoring it.

•  The Pentagon, the White House, the State Department, the Justice Department, the Capitol, the CIA and all other government buildings in Washington evacuated.

• In the first ever national ground stop of aircraft, all flights nationwide have been stopped at their departure airports.

• All international flights were diverted to Canada.

• Israel has evacuated all its missions around the world.

• President Bush cancelled an appearance in Florida to return to Washington, calling the crashes “apparent terrorist attacks” and “a national tragedy.”

• In Chicago, the Sears Tower was evacuated; United Nations in New York evacuated.

• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta was evacuated.

• The New York Port Authority said it had closed all bridges and tunnels into the city.

• New York’s Bellevue Hospital was designated command central for handling the catastrophe. Several hospitals have already reported receiving victims with burns and head injuries.

• Large plane crashed 80 miles south of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, but it was unknown if this crash was connected to terrorist attacks.

• U.S. stock markets were closed after the New York attacks.

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In Zeiten des Internets ist selbst Krieg längst zu einem multimedialen Ereignis geworden. Wer kennt sie nicht, die monochromen Luftaufnahmen mit Fadenkreuz, die tödliche Raketen auf ihrem Weg ins Ziel zeigen. Die Israelische Armee hat jetzt sogar einen eigenen YouTube-Kanal mit derartigem Videomaterial gestartet.Der Sinn und Zweck des Videokanals ist – laut PR-Abteilung der Israel Defense Forces (IDF) – die Dokumentation der aktuellen Militäroperation „Cast Lead“ („Gegossenes Blei“) gegen die Palästinenserorganisation Hamas im Gazastreifen. Die Israelische Armee steht seit längerem in der Kritik unverhältnismäßig hart und ohne Rücksicht auf die zivile Bevölkerung zu handeln. Anders als im Libanon-Krieg 2006 gegen die Hisbollah, versucht Israel nun derartige Vorwürfe mit exklusivem Bildmaterial zurückzuweisen. Ausländischen Journalisten wird die Einreise nach Gaza jedoch auch weiterhin verweigert. Forderungen der UNO, USA, Russlands und der EU nach einen Waffenstillstand lehnt Israel zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt ab.

YouTube hatte zunächst einige der Videos gesperrt. Mittlerweile wurden die Filme, die etwa die Bombardierung von Männern, die Raketen auf ein Auto laden zeigen, mit einer Altersfreigabe über 18 Jahre versehen und wieder freigegeben. Sie erreichen den YouTube-Kanal des israelischen Militärs unter

크리스마스, 겨울은 이런 마음들이 전달되는 사랑의 계절이다.

Immer wieder wurden Spekulationen dementiert, der italienische Kommunikationskonzern Telecom Italia wolle seine Hamburger Tochter Hansenet mit ihrem Telefongeschäft und den schnellen Internetzugängen verkaufen. Nun aber haben die Italiener die Firma tatsächlich zur Disposition gestellt.

Seit Monaten wurde immer wieder spekuliert, der italienische Kommunikationskonzern Telecom Italia wolle seine Hamburger Tochter Hansenet mit ihrem Telefongeschäft und den schnellen Internetzugängen verkaufen. Und stets dementierten Telecom-Chef Franco Bernabè und sein deutscher Statthalter Carlos Lambarri derartige Gerüchte postwendend. Nun aber haben die Italiener die unter der Marke Alice („Die schönste Verbindung“) arbeitende Firma tatsächlich zur Disposition gestellt.

Hintergrund: Die mit knapp 36 Milliarden Euro hochverschuldete Telecom Italia muss sparen, Stellen streichen und sich auf die Kernmärkte Italien und Brasilien konzentrieren. Was nicht zum Kerngeschäft gehört, soll verkauft werden.

Dazu zählt unter anderem Hansenet mit seinem DSL-Geschäft. Insgesamt will Bernabè bis 2011 rund drei Milliarden Euro aus den Verkäufen einnehmen. Dabei soll aber nichts überstürzt werden. Man werde die Firmen nicht zu jedem Preis und nicht an jeden Wettbewerber abstoßen.

Hansenet-Sprecher Carsten Nillies sagte WELT ONLINE: „Was wann verkauft wird, ist überhaupt noch nicht entschieden.“ Der jetzt von Bernabè vorgestellte Plan, der neben den bereits angekündigten Streichung von 5000 Stellen den Wegfall von weiteren 4000 Arbeitsplätzen und den Abbau der Verschuldung um fünf Milliarden Euro vorsieht, betreffe die Jahre bis 2011. Insofern sei das laufende Geschäft der Hamburger Firma überhaupt nicht tangiert.

Hansenet sei derzeit gut aufgestellt und werde wie geplant in diesem Jahr 1,2 Milliarden Euro umsetzen. In den ersten neun Monaten des Jahres erzielte Hansenet einen Umsatz von 899 Millionen Euro und konnte so das Ergebnis des Vorjahreszeitraums (767 Millionen Euro) um 17 Prozent steigern. Der erwirtschaftete Ertrag vor Zinsen, Steuern und Abschreibungen erreichte dagegen mit 185 Millionen Euro nahezu den gleichen Stand wie im Vorjahr. Am 30. September zählte Hansenet rund 2,34 Millionen DSL-Kunden. Schubkraft gab es zuletzt durch ein neues Produkt-Paket, das das Hansenet-TV-Angebot ohne zusätzliche Kosten beinhaltet. Rund 20.000 neue Kunden habe man allein hierdurch im dritten Quartal deutschlandweit gewonnen, Zahlen für das aktuelle Quartal veröffentlicht Hansenet gegen Ende des Jahres. Für 2009 sei trotz des anhaltenden Preisdrucks eine weitere Steigerung des Umsatzes vorgesehen, sagte Nillies.

Der Verkauf könnte schwierig werden

Ob sich damit allerdings auch die derzeit geschmälerten Margen bessern, bleibt ungewiss. Bleiben sie mäßig, könnte sich ein Verkauf der Hamburger Firma in die Länge ziehen. Denn der gesamte DSL-Markt der schnellen Internet-Verbindungen ist wegen schlechter Verdienstmöglichkeiten für potenzielle Investoren nicht unbedingt attraktiv. So ist es zum Beispiel Freenet trotz monatelanger Versuche nicht gelungen, sein DSL-Geschäft loszuschlagen.

Gleichwohl schießen nach der Bekanntgabe des Verkaufsplans der Italiener die Spekulationen über die Zukunft von Hansenet ins Kraut. Zum einen wird die spanische Telefonica als möglicher Käufer genannt. Sie ist nicht nur größter Aktionär der Telecom Italia und arbeitet bereits mit Hansenet zusammen.

So bietet Hansenet Mobilfunkverträge der Telefonica-Marke O2 unter dem Namen Alice an und nutzt auch das deutsche Datennetz der Spanier. Auf der anderen Seite tat sich Telefonica in Deutschland schwer, DSL-Kunden zu gewinnen.

Zum anderen fallen in diesem Zusammenhang natürlich auch die Namen anderer DSL-Anbieter wie United Internet, Versatel oder Vodafone. Die Voadafone-Festnetztochter Arcor hat ihr Ziel zur Steigerung ihres DSL-Geschäfts gerade wegen Hansenet vor allem im Hamburger Raum nicht erreichen können. Insofern könnte der Erwerb durch Vodafone durchaus Sinn machen.

Trophy Hunting

♦

Every year tens of thousands of wild animals, representing hundreds of different species, are killed by American trophy hunters in foreign countries. The heads, hides, tusks, and other body parts of most of these animals are legally imported to the United States by the hunters.

Many animals imported as trophies are members of species protected under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), such as leopards and African elephants. The ESA allows importation of endangered and threatened species only for scientific research, enhancement of propagation, or survival of the species. However, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), which implements the ESA, has broadly interpreted the term “enhancement” to include trophy hunting of threatened species. While the USFWS has rarely allowed the importation of endangered species as trophies, this has not stopped hunters’ trophies from making their way across the U.S. border in the guise of scientific research.

In 1997, just months after the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History accepted a $20 million donation from big-game hunter Kenneth Behring, the Institution sought a USFWS permit to import the trophy remains of two endangered wild sheep that Behring shot in Central Asia. One of the sheep, a Kara-Tau argali, is extremely rare in the wild where only 100 exist today. After a storm of ugly publicity, the Smithsonian abandoned the permit application. This was not, however, an isolated case. The Smithsonian has been involved in facilitating the import of endangered species killed by trophy hunters in the past. Other museums have done the same.

While the trophy hunting of endangered and threatened species attracts a great deal of attention, the vast majority of wild animals that American hunters kill and import—such as impala, black bears, common zebra, warthogs, eland, African buffalo, African lions, giraffes, and baboons—are not protected under the ESA or any other domestic law. If the foreign government allows the animals to be killed, as many do, the American hunter can import the trophies.

Trophy hunting is an elitist hobby, requiring tens of thousands of dollars to participate in each hunting trip. Many trophy hunters belong to organizations which promote and enable the so-called “sport,” such as Safari Club International (SCI). Founded in 1971, SCI is based in Tucson, Arizona, and has more than 100 chapters in foreign countries. It has a wealthy membership, many of whom are doctors, lawyers and executives, 55% of whom have an annual income exceeding $100,000. SCI’s annual conventions attract thousands of current and would-be trophy hunters. Through its publications and conventions, SCI entices people into booking more hunts and helps to hook up the hunting clients with the industry representatives, including outfitters, professional hunters, gun manufacturers and taxidermists. SCI’s thick, glossy, bimonthly magazine, Safari, contains page after page of advertisements for trophy hunts and Hemmingway-like stories glorifying the hunt.

SCI also conducts elite competitions that provide trophy hunters with a playing field so that they can compete with others to kill the most animals of a particular type—one victim from all the bear species in the world, for example. There are 29 awards in all, and in order to win all of them, at the highest level, a hunter would have to kill 322 animals of different species or subspecies. Not the only club of its type, SCI is by far the most prominent trophy-hunting advocacy organization in the world. It protects the hunter in every conceivable forum, including lobbying the U.S. Congress to weaken laws, like the ESA, and lobbying the USFWS not to list species that hunters like to kill, such as argali sheep, under the ESA.

Quelle: http://www.hsus.org/wildlife/issues_facing_wildlife/hunting/trophy_hunting

Übersetzung:

Trophäenjagd

Jedes Jahr werden Zehntausende Wildtiere aus Hunderten von Rassen von amerikanischen Trophäenjägern im Ausland umgebracht. Die Köpfe, Felle, Stoßzähne und andere Körperteile der meisten dieser Tiere werden von den Jägern legal in die Vereinigten Staaten importiert.

Viele der Tiere, die als Trophäen importiert werden, gehören zu den Spezies, die unter das “Gesetz der bedrohten Arten” (ESA) fallen, so zum Beispiel Leoparden und afrikanische Elefanten. Diese Verordnung erlaubt den Import von bedrohten Arten nur zu Forschungszwecken, mit Betonung auf Fortpflanzung oder zum Erhalt der Spezies. Die amerikanische Fisch und Wildtier-Behörde (USFWS), ein ausführendes Organ der ESA, hat dies jedoch derart flexibel ausgelegt, dass die Trophäenjagd auf bedrohte Arten regelrecht legalisiert wird. Obwohl die USFWS den Import bedrohter Spezies in Form von Trophäen nur in seltenen Fällen erlaubt, hat dies nicht verhindert, dass die Trophäen der Jäger unter dem Deckmäntelchen wissenschaftlicher Forschung ihren Weg über die Grenzender USA fanden.

1997, nur Monate nachdem das Nationale Museum für Naturgeschichte des Smithsonian Instituts eine Spende des Großwildjägers Kenneth Behring in Höhe von $ 20 Millionen entgegen nahm, hat diese Institution um eine Erlaubnis bei der USFWS ersucht, um die Trophäen zweier Wildschafe, die Behring in Zentral-Asien erschoss, in die USA zu verschaffen. Eines der Schafe, ein Kara-Tau Argali, existiert kaum noch in freier Wildbahn, geschätzter Bestand ca. 100 Tiere. Nach einer Welle der Entrüstung hat das Smithsonian Institute die Anfrage zurückgezogen. Dies war jedoch kein Einzelfall. Das Smithsonian Institut war stets involviert in Bemühungen die Einfuhr bedrohter Arten die von Trophäenjägern in der Vergangenheit getötet wurden zu erleichtern. Andere Museen haben sich ebenso verhalten.

Während die Trophäenjagd auf bedrohte Arten große Aufmerksamkeit erweckt steht die große Anzahl der Wildtiere, bestehend aus Impalas, Schwarzbären, Zebras, Warzenschweine, Elenantilopen, afrikanischer Büffel, afrikanische Löwen, Giraffen und Paviane die von amerikanischen Jägern getötet und importiert werden, nicht unter dem Schutz der ESA oder einer anderen nationalen Protektion. Wenn die Regierungen der betreffenden Länder das Töten der Tiere erlaubt, und viele tun dies, können die amerikanischen Jäger die Trophäen unbehelligt einführen.

Die Trophäenjagd stellt ein elitäres Hobby dar, jeder Jagdtrip verschlingt Zehntausende Dollars. Zahlreiche Trophäenjäger sind Organisationen die diesen “Sport” promoten angeschlossen, so z.B. der Safari Club International (SCI). Gegründet 1971, beheimatet in Tucson, Arizona, besitzt der SCI über 100 Dependencen im Ausland. Die Mitglieder sind durchweg wohlhabend, viele von ihnen sind Doktoren, Anwälte und leitende Angestellte, 55% davon verfügen über ein jährliches Einkommen von mehr als $ 100.000. Die jährlichen Versammlungen ziehen Tausende von gegenwärtigen und Möchtegern-Trophäenjägern an. Durch seine Publikationen und Kongresse animiert der SCI die Leute dazu noch mehr Jagden zu buchen und trägt dazu bei Kontakte zwischen der “Kundschaft” und den Repräsentanten der Industrie, darunter Bekleidungsausstatter, professionelle Jäger, Waffenhersteller und Präparatoren zu knüpfen. Das dicke, hochglänzende, zweimonatlich erscheinende Magazin, Safari, enthält Seite für Seite Werbeanzeigen für die Trophäenjagd wie auch jagd-glorifizierende Geschichten im Hemmingway-Stil.

Der SCI veranstaltet des weiteren elitäre Wettbewerbe die den Trophäenjägern sogenannte “Spielfelder” zur Verfügung stellt sodass sie sich mit Anderen darin messen können wer die meisten Tiere einerbestimmten Spezies, z.B. eine bestimmte Art aus allen Bärenarten dieser Welt tötet. Es gibt insgesamt 29 Pokale zu vergeben; um alle auf dem höchsten Level zu gewinnen müsste ein Jäger 322 Tiere aus verschiedenen Arten oder Unterarten töten. Nicht der einzige Club dieser Art; stellt der SCI die bei weitem prominenteste Jagd-befürwortende Organisation weltweit dar. Sie schützt die Jäger in jeder denkbaren Form, sie tritt sogar an den US-Kongress heran um Gesetze bzw. Verordnungen wie die bereits erwähnte ESA zu schwächen. Ferner wird der USFWS dazuanimiert keine Spezien die von Jägern besonders gerne getötet werden zur bedrohten Art zu erklären, so z.B. das unter dem ESA geschützte Agali-Schaf.

Link: http://www.hsus.org/wildlife/issues_facing_wildlife/hunting/trophy_hunting

“An the election season, a well-thought-out conspiracy of lies and tyranny has been hatched to cover up the failures of the government on all fronts during the last five years,” said VHP president Shri Ashok Singhal, while talking to mediapersons in New Delhi on November 25.

He said in order to influence the elections, the conspirators are propagating all over the country a concocted theory of ‘Hindu terrorism’ and framing up with it on a daily basis new characters and organisations. “I urge the Election Commission to impose immediate ban on it,” he added.

He said the British government recently said neither the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) nor the Bajrang Dal are terrorist organisations and their members are not banned from entering Britain. “The government does not consider the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh or the Bajrang Dal to be terrorist organisations,” British Minister of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Office Lord Malloch-Brown told the House of Lords. “Neither organisation is proscribed in the UK or in India, nor does the Indian government classify either as a terrorist organisation,” Malloch-Brown said in reply to a question by former cabinet minister Lord Chris Patten. Malloch-Brown said decisions on whether or not to ban a group in Britain “must be proportionate and based on evidence that a group is involved in terrorism as defined in the Terrorism Act 2000”. But in our country Bharat, due to election season, such an atmosphere has been created that in the name of ‘Hindu terrorism’ efforts are underway to malign the sadhus saints and prominent Hindu organisations, Shri Singhal said.

He said abominable allegations have been heaped on a dedicated central executive member of the RSS, which are absolutely unimaginable. False allegations are also being levelled against Dr Pravin Togadia of VHP. The RSS and VHP, from their very birth, have been enjoying unflinching trust, faith, veneration and respect of the whole Hindu society. The conspirators have been trying to cover up their sins by the ploys of character assassination of Hindu organisations, he added.

“The ATS threatened disrobing the innocent sadhvi, tried to show her blue CDs and questioned her chastity thereby outraging the dignity of a chaste woman. The government has tried to emulate the Kaurava characters that meted out such behaviour to Draupadi at the parliament of the country during the Mahabharata period and they know the consequences that the Kauravas faced. Now the 100-crore strong Hindu society would do the same to the present day Kauravas. The subject of humiliation of Hindu saints and organisations would certainly be an election issue and we won’t give up chasing the wicked conspirators till they are uprooted,” he said in a statement issued in New Delhi.

Shri Singhal said for this conspiracy a foreign woman has been planted and the global Catholic underground outfit named “Opus Dei” (God’s Work) with which the said woman is associated has been appointed three years ago to materialise the anti-India agenda. A foreign woman had revealed this secret to a prominent person three years ago. Investigations must be made into the relationship between Sonia Gandhi and the Opus Dei and in this light investigations must also be carried out to look for the mastermind behind the unusual deaths of Sanjay Gandhi, Indira Gandhi and Rajiv Gandhi. It would also expose the busy bodies that have been working overtime to spread so-called theories of ‘Hindu terrorism’, and trying to finish the indigenous dharma, culture, moorings of the people, saints and Hindu organisations of Bharat.

“I call upon the people to remain vigilant and alert and learn to give a fitting reply to it. We may remember another fact that our Shankaracharya Swami Nischala-nanda Saraswati has said that the day the Hindu becomes a terrorist we should take it that that day would be the one when the Third World War would take place,” he added.

Vor 42 Jahren hatte John Lennon gesagt, die Beatles seien berühmter als Jesus. Der Vatikan reagierte damals verstimmt. 28 Jahre nach Lennons Tod vergab ihm die Katholische Kirche. Das neue Loblied auf die Beatles stimmte die unumstrittene Instanz für Pop-Musik an: der Osservatore Romano.

Vatikan verzeiht John Lennon

Der Vatikan ist eine total progressive Einrichtung, stets auf der Höhe der Zeit. Allen, die das noch nicht wussten, liefert jetzt die Instanz für Rock- und Pop-Musik (neben Bravo und dem Billboard Magazine), den entsprechenden Beweis: Der Osservatore Romano, sozusagen das Amtsblatt von Papst Benedikt XVI., hat klar gemacht, dass im Kirchenstaat echte Rocker zu Gange sind. Bisher war man ja der Meinung, Benedetto halte es mehr mit der gediegeneren Muße. Schließlich lässt er sich seit längerem in schöner Regelmäßigkeit bei Gastauftritten renommierter Orchester mit Mozart, Beethoven und anderen Klassikern bespaßen.

“Beatles berühmter als Jesus Christus”

John Lennon erzürnte einst den Heiligen Stuhl.
Roll over Beethoven, möchte man da sagen, in Erinnerung an einen alten Beatles-Titel, denn genau darum geht es. Die Musik der erfolgreichsten Pop-Band aller Zeiten muss den heiligen Vater schwer beeindruckt haben. Der Vatikan hat nämlich den Beatles eine leicht überhebliche Äußerung verziehen. John Lennon hatte vor 42 Jahren mal gesagt, die Beatles seien berühmter als Jesus Christus. Das hatte damals für schwere Verstimmungen zwischen Liverpool und Rom gesorgt. Aber: Die musikalische Qualität der Fab Four scheint sich doch durchgesetzt zu haben.

Was wäre schließlich ein Abendmahl ohne “Obladi Oblada”, eine Fahrt im Papamobil ohne “Drive my car” oder eine Papstreise ohne “Magical mystery tour”? Wenn man nicht wüsste, dass man das offizielle Organ des Vatikans vor sich hat, könnte man glatt auf andere Gedanken kommen. Denn unter der echt kreativen Schlagzeile “Die Weiße Revolution der Viererbande” heißt es unter anderem, der Stern der Beatles scheine unvergänglich. Gelobt wird insbesondere das berühmte “weiße” Album, das vielen katholischen Fundis lange Zeit als Teufelswerk galt. Denn die Beatles grüßen darauf ihre Fans – hören kann man das, wenn man die Platte rückwärts abspielt.

“Lady Madonna” besser als “Tokio Hotel”

Besonders erstaunlich ist folgende Feststellung: Im Vergleich mit den Beatles sei heutige Popmusik häufig eher von schlechterer Qualität. Dem kann man zweierlei entnehmen. Die Musik der Beatles muss also von besserer Qualität sein und: Der Papst steht wohl nicht so auf “Tokio Hotel” und hält es vielmehr mit “Lady Madonna”.

Apropos: Madonna hat ja auch gerade christustechnische Differenzen mit dem Vatikan, weil sie bei ihrer letzten Konzert-Tournee eine hübsche kleine Kreuzigungsszene in die Bühnen-Show eingebaut hat. Und die Aussage “Kruzifixe seien sexy, da sei ja schließlich ein nackter Mann drauf” kam wohl auch nicht so gut. Im Gegensatz zu John Lennon hat Madonna aber immerhin noch die Chance, eine mögliche vatikanische Vergebung im Diesseits zu erleben. Wenn die Urteilsbildung ähnlich zügig vonstatten geht, dürfte irgendwann im Jahre 2050 ein Artikel im “Osservatore Romano” erscheinen. Madonna wäre dann 92.

The Bionic Woman actually began her television career as the girl friend of Steve Austin (another person with bionics), on the ABC series, The Six Million Dollar Man. While her body wasn’t laden with bionic parts at this time, Jaime demonstrated her talents as a professional tennis player (a career that was dropped, with much critism from the viewers,when she gained her own TV show). At the end of her appearence on the Six Million Dollar Man, Jaime Sommers was a victim of a serious skydiving accident and was given two bionic legs, a bionic arm, and a bionic ear to save her life. Thanks to the bionic scientists at the OSI (a fictional government agency), Jaime was given new life, new body parts, and a new TV series. Jaime Sommers, on The Bionic Woman, now lives her life as a school teacher/intelligence agent for the OSI, teaching little children and saving the world from villainous men.

The episode of The Bionic Woman that I randomly chose to analyze, “Iron Ships and Dead Men” demonstrates some of the messages and images that this show presented about women and men of the 1970′s.

This episode of The Bionic Woman that I chose to analyze, “Iron Ships and Dead Men”, contains a multitude of messages, both positive and negative. One of the most powerful and constantly repeated message is that men don’t like women and won’t accept women who enter the “man’s world” uninvited. From the moment Jamie walked on to the scene at the salvage sight, she is bombarded with whistles, cat calls, and severe reservations from the other workers. Her boss called the front office workers, who hired her, fools for sending him a women when they should have sent him a “big mexican fellow… somone who can pull his own weight.” In addition, her co-worker said that “it just doens’t seem right” for a lady to perform this kind of work. Her boss, then decided that he should give her some work in order to prove herself because, as he says, “He is a liberated man… and if a women wants a man’s job, he should be able to work like a man.” The only problem with this is that he assigned her a task that no one could possibly complete in the alloted amount of time. Therefore, it was only because of her special and unrealistic powers that she was able to complete it and eventually gain an odd sort of respect from her fellow workers. This account demonstrates that it is futile to go up against men unless you are gifted with superhuman powers, because men simply can not fathom the fact that a woman cound possess more talent then they themselves possess. A real women, no matter how gifted, would not have been able to take the nessecary actions to “prove” herself to this man, so to me, this scene acts as a sort of warning or discouragement from trying to compete in a “man’s world.” This also doesn’t present women of this time with a very reasonable role model.

Another important behavior that the Bionic Woman often practices is a refrainment from the defense for herself as a women or her special abilities. Rarely does she even acknowledge the constant insults and critism from her fellow workers and not once does she take credit for her own accomplishments. For example, when she saves all of her friends at the end, she opens a locked door with the help of one other man. Although she actually completed the task all by herslf, she passes all of the credit on to her coworker, who was more than thrilled to accept the praise. This incident, to me, can be seen in two different ways. On one hand, it seems to say that if you are a woman and have some sort of special talent, keep it to yourself. It will only lead to trouble if it gets out. This is also evidenced by the fact that on more than one occasion, Jaime was scorned for allowing people to know about her powers. (Either that or she had to get them to promise to keep her secret) Jaime seems very passive and unwilling to stand up against the outright insults that often came her way. On the other hand, though, this could be demonstrating the idea that Jaime is so confident in herself that she can be modest, not brag, and still feel good about herself as a person. Perhaps her lack of response to insults is just a way of saying that it is not worth the trouble to defend yourself to a group of people who, in my opinion, look like uneducated morons anyway. She doesn’t look upset or in any way less confident about herself when they are doing this so perhaps her lack of response is a positive quality. Also, her denial of her accomplishments could just be a large emphasis on modesty. Who says that Jaime needs to brag about her accomplishments in order to develp a strong sense of being. Therefore, perhaps both her modesty and lack of argument to insults is a positve quality pointing to the idea that she does not need the reinforcement of others praises to feel confident with herself.

A third idea that is presented in this episode of the Bionic Woman is that the maintaining of feminine qualities and behaviors is important if a woman desires to enter a man’s world. This is evidenced a number of times, including in the opening credits. In looking at the beginning of the male version of this show (The Six Million Dollar Man), the music and actions are very fast, powerful and exciting. The Bionic Woman’s introduction, however, pictures her smiling sweetly while a high pitched violin serendades her in the background. The contrast between these two is striking and seems to point to the idea that although these two people perform the exact same job, Jaime, as a woman, must hold fast to her feminity and pacifity. This movement to the “traditional” female role despite the entrance into a Mans’ “world is also evidenced by Jaime’s outfits during the episode. She is a salvage worker and therefore wears overalls and boots. Her look, however, is topped off with pigtails, which not only make her feminine but also a little childish in appearance. Finally, the many incidences of her kissing (on the cheek) and hugging her fellow coworkers seems a very feminine thing to do. You would never see the male coworkers kissing each other, so it just seems to reinforce this idea of femininity. Also, because the kissing is so non-sexual, it seems that it demonstrates the “father-daughter” relationship in the show.

The “father-daughter” relationship brings up another point that is actually central to the entire show. Men, in this episode, give women power and in turn, have the right to control everything they do, just like how a father gives his daughter life and in turn, controls many of her behaviors. Oscar and the OSI gave her her Bionics and gives her all of the assignments. Even when Jaime thinks that she is controlling her own actions, she is actually being controlled by Oscar. In this episode, for example, Jaime volunteers to help Oscar. What she doesn’t know is that Oscar had already acquired the salvage worker position for her before he even told her about it. He was going to assign it to her whether or not she “volunteered” . This incident demonstrates that a great deal, while not all, of her behavior is controlled by men. The idea of Male Supremacy runs throughout the entire show, from Oscar to even the salvage workers who think that they are better than her.

The fifth prescription that was made in this show was that power comes from a child-like submissive quality, NOT a strong domineering one. When she was attempting to get information out of her coworker, she had pigtails, she twirled her hair, she lowered her eyes, she played with a kitten, and she spoke with an almost childish tone of voice. In order to get information, she needed to revert back to this childish figure, which seems to demonstrate that it is a women’s passivity and childishness that will aid a women in her endevours.

A final message that this episode of The Bionic Woman presents, has both positive and negative facets. Jaime has chosen for herself to be single and work in a “traditionally” male dominated workplace. Although Jaime is originally given the job by a man, she always works by herself and always manages to complete the assigned mission, most of the time by herself. While she sometimes gets caught or in trouble, she never loses her determination and manages to rise above Jaime herself seems confident, intuitive, capable, modest and she successfully balances her time between her many jobs and responsibilities, yet the negative reaction from men to these things make these qualities seem undesirable. For example, in one episode, she showed enormous dedication to a mission that everyone else had given up on. This to me, shows great strength, yet the men on the show voiced their opinions that they thought her dedication was ridiculous and petty, and that it must have been a “woman” thing.

Overall, the sexism and ignorance of men is apparent in almost every aspect of this show. Even when Jaime does something good, it is shot down by a man warning women of the 1970′s that if they are going to do these things they will not be accepted by the rest of the world. In this episode, men are power hungry, men are irrationally afraid of a powerful women, men are intimidated by women who enter “their” world” and men punish these women who allow their special talents to surface. Therefore it seems that most of these messages, the majority of which were not created by any of Jaime’s personal negativity, point, in actuality, to the irrational fear and sexism on the part of the male television characters.

Now that we have seen some of the messages and ideas that are presented in this episode, take a look at what people of the 1970′s thought about Bionic Woman

Although some critics likened The Bionic Woman to a “Bimbo” (Douglas 193) or a “$500,000 Timex” in “a collection of barely related episodes intended mainly to display Jaime’s power” ($500,000 85), the reaction to this show was tremendous on the part of the viewers of the 1970′s. Consistantly “amoung the top 15 in the ratings” at this time, it attracted a wide range of viewers, from the “bubble gum crowd that also dotes on Lee Majors” (The 6 Million Dollar Man) to a “sizable adult audience stuck on Lindsay Wagner’s sexy looks” ($500,000 85). She was so popular, she had dolls, lunch boxes and even coloring books fashioned after her . Many people in the 1970′s spent their time sharing adventures with this artificial women and absorbing many of her messages, some of which I found. Because of this reality, the impact of the sexism and stereotypes were most definetly heightened.

“Das Bild”-Keine  Bilderbuch-Welt.leider.

Vielmehr eine Bilderberger-Welt.

DER=RED SKULL

„Skull“ (englisch „Schädel“) nennt Markus Lüpertz das Bild, das er für Bild gemalt hat. Ein Totenkopf, dem Betrachter leicht zugewendet, im Halbprofil. Platziert ist er auf einem Klavier, einem Flügel, dessen Beine rechts unten erkennbar sind.

Ein tiefes, nächtliches Schwarz ist die vorherrschende Farbstimmung des Gemäldes. Schwarz sind auch die Flecken, die ohne feste Kontur den Hinterkopf umschwirren und sich unruhig durch das Bild ziehen: ein düsterer Rest von Bewegung, im Gegensatz zu der Starre des Schädels, dem alles Leben vergangen ist.

Der Totenkopf, als Zeichen der Vergänglichkeit und als Warnung vor menschlicher Eitelkeit, gehört zu den ältesten Motiven der Kunst.

Nicht nur in der Malerei, auch in der Literatur und auf der Theaterbühne. Berühmtes Beispiel ist der Moment in Shakespeares „Hamlet“, wenn ein Totengräber dem Dänenprinzen den Schädel des Hofnarren Yorik zeigt – „ein Bursche von ungeheuerer Lustigkeit, von unvergleichlichen Einfällen“. Und jetzt? Schluss mit lustig, nichts mehr, der Kopf des Spaßmachers nur ein verfaulendes Gehäuse. Für einen Augenblick relativiert dieser Anblick der Hinfälligkeit alle Schwierigkeiten, die der Prinz mit sich und der Welt hat.

Zu bedenken, dass wir sterben müssen – den Maler Markus Lüpertz hat das umgetrieben von Anfang an. In seinem Atelier hat er einen Totenkopf immer vor Augen. Jedoch gilt ihm diese ständige Erinnerung an den Tod als ein Aufruf zur Hingabe an das Leben, solange es denn währt. Es sei sein Ziel, sagt Lüpertz, mit der Kunst „die Welt anzuhalten und den Tod zu besiegen“.

Der Gedanke war ihm Antrieb für ein bewegtes Leben, hat die gegensätzlichsten Abschnitte seines Werks bestimmt. Zu Beginn seines Weges hatte sich in der westlichen Welt die ungegenständliche, abstrakte Malerei durchgesetzt.

Lüpertz dagegen entschied sich dagegen. Er malte symbolträchtige Dinge wie Ähren, Fahnen, Stahlhelme in Übergröße, reagierte mit Bildern und dann auch mit Skulpturen auf griechische Mythen und die deutsche Geschichte. Besonders manche der von ihm geschaffenen Plastiken, zuletzt seine in Salzburg aufgestellte Figur des Komponisten Mozart, wurden als skandalös empfunden und waren beim Publikum heftig umstritten.

Festzulegen ist dieser Maler kaum auf nur einen Stil: Glänzender Techniker, der er ist, gelingt ihm das thematisch Dunkle und Schwerlastige ebenso wie helle, heitere Blumen-Arrangements. Immer aber ist in seinen Arbeiten – wie nun auch in seinem Bild für BILD – das Bewusstsein dafür spürbar, dass alle Zeit endet.

Als Person ist Markus Lüpertz, inzwischen eine Größe der internationalen Kunstszene, in jedem Moment seiner Existenz geleitet von starkem Selbstbewusstsein. Bis in die betonte Eleganz seiner stets formsicheren Auftritte behauptet er für sich den Rang eines Außerordentlichen. Doch reklamiert er diese Sonderstellung nicht nur für sich, sondern für die Kunst generell. Für die Kunst als Hoffnung gegen das Ende, als Appell, die uns gegebene Zeit zu nutzen mit allen Kräften.

Es war der römische Philosoph und Lehrer Neros, Seneca, der um das Jahr 41 n. Chr. seinen Freund Paulinus ermahnte: „Alles Zukünftige liegt im Ungewissen. Jetzt gleich lebe!“

Das ist auch die Haltung, zu der „Skull“ von Lüpertz uns aufruft. Der Totenkopf als Muntermacher. Versuchen wir’s mal.

Anno Secter Sectum insectum  for blood 79n.Chr….called ………..?Lightbringer

Markus Lüpertz

Ich bin nicht
tolerant und
nachsichtig!

Markus Lüpertz

Exklusives Kunstwerk
für unsere Leser

Professor Markus Lüpertz (67) gilt als einer der bedeutendsten Künstler der Gegenwart. Jetzt malt er exklusiv ein Bild für unsere BILD-Leser.   mehr …

In Austria legally in use

The environmental organization Global 2000, the phyto-toxic imidacloprid on a ground investigation of a corn field in the Styria in the mountainous district of Germany demonstrated. “It is a scandal that Imidacloprid in Austria still used – and even legally! Imidacloprid demonstrably acts as a nerve poison to honeybees,” warns Lisa nuclear Egger, an expert of pesticide-GLOBAL 2000.

“Ever since two years is Imidacloprid in France in maize cultivation is prohibited.” GLOBAL 2000 sharply criticized that Agriculture Minister Josef Pröll refuses, the application of imidacloprid eventually banned in Austria. That’s not enough, imidacloprid, even under the environmental program funded ÖPUL, literally for the Austrian program to promote environmentally sound, extensive and the natural habitat protected agriculture is legally established.

A study carried out in Austria in 2002 came to an alarming result. It has been a reduction in brood rearing immediately after the Anwanderung of bees to people with imidacloprid pickled Rapsfelder observed. This had a weakening of the entire nation to follow bees. For several years, imidacloprid suspected for the deaths of 90 million bees in France within ten years to be responsible. A study commissioned by the French Ministry of Agriculture commissioned in 2003 to study came to the conclusion that imidacloprid for the bees dying Long is responsible. France subsequently adopted in 2004 ban on imidacloprid in maize cultivation. That ban was adopted in April this year despite fierce protests of the producer firm Bayer renewed. With a turnover of over 500 million euros a year is one of the most important ingredient to the Bayer products (eg Gaucho).

GLOBAL 2000 now calls for urgent Austria banning all pesticides, which poison containing imidacloprid. “Bees are making an invaluable contribution to pollination of culture and wild. This may not by individual chemical ingredients are jeopardized,” warns nuclear Egger “And there is great danger of increased use of imidacloprid by the increase of rape seed for biodiesel production. Davor warn We insistently. Future problems are inevitable otherwise. Austria must now follow the example of France and the Bee as hazardous pesticide imidacloprid ban, “said  Kernegger- concluded.

Pesticide Rottet 90 billion bees from

Beekeepers in Southern France complain of total loss

The pesticide is Imidacloprit for a mass death of bees in southern France blamed, reported BBC News. The chemical has been around 90 billion bees killed. Apart from the disaster for honey production experts also fear massive environmental problems caused by the mass extinction of insects.

Imidacloprit, also under the name Gaucho distributed industry, is already several years into the bee population suspected damage. A London newspaper reported that French beekeepers ten years ago, when the pesticide was first used on disorientation and death of their bees reported. “The honey production in the region fell within a few years by 60 percent,” reported Jean-Marie Sirvins, chairman of the French beekeepers’ association. “France has been more than 24,000 tons of imported honey,” said Sirvins.

The pesticide manufacturers, including Bayer Crop Sciences, but deny any guilt. Indeed, scientists have for two years on behalf of the French Agriculture Ministry studies on all pesticide imidacloprid re-evaluated. Overall, the 483 analysis, publications and documents. “Almost all the results we have classified as not relevant,” says Jean-Marc Bonmatin by the National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) in Paris. Too many studies were from pesticide manufacturer Bayer conducted or commissioned been. The experts found the results of the investigations are not objective. Only ten test results provided usable data. According to the environmental group Coordination against Bayer dangers “was a more than 100 pages of comprehensive study commissioned by the French Agriculture Ministry of Caen and the Universities Metz and from the Pasteur Institute created the risk of the pesticide will be reaffirmed.

Bayer Crop Sciences, the accusations of critics as unsustainable back. The experts suggest that around 600 million euros, with sales to be implemented, a Mitgrund are that the pharmaceuticals and chemicals giant against the ban so violently to defend sets. In France the pesticide was already five years ago on sunflower fields prohibited. The reason was even then the fear of negative impact on bees. But according to the beekeepers’ associations, the death has not decreased. Now the applications of the pesticide in corn cultivation blamed.

After France, now also put restrictions on the British Imidacloprit. Bee experts suspect namely, the chemical that weakens the bees. So they are easier victims of varroa mites. “Most people think when they hear of bees dying, the loss of honey production and forget the valuable work of the insects in the pollination of plants. This is the biggest reason for concern,” said Richard Jones of the International Bee Research Association. (Source: Press Release austria)

Only the bee, then the man?

Already in the winter of 2003 died in Germany from 30 to 50 percent of all beehives. Now reports of the German professional beekeepers and acquisition covenant again great peoples losses.

In some regions such as Germany’s Bavaria or Unterfranken are up to 80 percent of the bees died. The Demeter Association and the affiliated network Flowering Landscape beekeepers do not currently have such high losses. Nevertheless appreciate the professional life situation for the bees in Germany continues dramatic one. As one of the causes for the mass extinction is imported from Asia, the Varroa mite. Also, the vitality of bees fallen sharply, reports of Demeter Bund. Survived ago 15 years a hive or the infestation of 10,000 Varroa mites, it dies today at 1,000 to 2,000 mites.

Albert Einstein in 1949 warned: “If the bee once disappear from the earth, man has only four years to live. No more bees, no more pollination, no more plants, no more animals, not human anymore “.

Who even something for the protection of honeybees wants to do, a bee take over under Sponsor www.beegood.de.

Tony Blair addresses Governor’s Global Climate Summit

Tony Blair today addresses California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger’s Global Climate Summit, as part of his Breaking The Climate Deadlock campaign.

You can watch the full speech on YouTube by clicking here or on the video image above.

In his remarks Tony Blair said that securing a global deal on climate change will be “amongst the most technically complex and politically sensitive negotiations since World War II” but that a successful outcome could kick-start new investment to reactivate the world economy.

Mr Blair said: “The choice is not between growing jobs and saving the environment but about how we grow sustainably. The latest science is clear: if we fail to start cutting global emissions soon then many of our options – on technology, adaptation and cost – will rapidly be closed down. Early action reduces costs and minimizes the need for major dislocation further down the line.

“Some people will say: with a tough economic situation we can’t afford action. I would say exactly the opposite: we have learnt enough to know that energy security as well as climate change means we must act; and the need to boost our economy gives us the chance to address some of the critical solutions to the challenge of cutting emissions.”

For more videos from Tony Blair, click here to visit his YouTube channel.

More news from The Office of Tony Blair

• Tony Blair Sports Foundation marks first anniversary by announcing ASDA partnership
  The Tony Blair Sports Foundation has marked its first anniversary by announcing a partnership with supermarket giant ASDA. Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, was at the ASDA store in Benton to officially launch the ‘Be An ASDA Sporting Hero’ initiative to staff.
• Tony Blair praises Rwanda’s technology and innovation
  Tony Blair visited Rwanda as part of his long-term project to support the country by building governance capacity and attracting inward investment.
• King Abdullah’s interfaith initative ‘a major step forward’ to peaceful co-existence
  Tony Blair writes in the International Herald Tribune about last week’s interfaith meeting at the United Nations, which was initiated by Saudi Arabia: “The decision by King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia to hold an interfaith conference under the auspices of the United Nations is bold, courageous and potentially far-reaching.”
• Tony Blair says foundations now in place for Middle East peace deal to be built on
  Quartet Representative Tony Blair said that the foundations for Middle East peace now existed for the new American administration to build on with the international community.

• The Office of Tony Blair
• The Tony Blair Faith Foundation
• The Tony Blair Sports Foundation
• Breaking The Climate Deadlock
• Solution on GM-Opel Problems?Video
• 

Japan slides into recession (Japan Times)
Japan joins Europe in recession; G20 fails to cheer (Reuters)
Japan – world’s No. 2 economy – in recession (CNN Money)
Japan slides into recession, 1st time since 2001 (Idahosalesman)

Developed wolrd in recession, downturn upside Economic Times
Eurozone recession to speed up Bulgaria slowdown Sofia Echo
Banks drive European shares lower in choppy trade Reuters
ShortNews.com – MoneyWeek (subscription)
und 883 ähnliche Artikel »

German Stocks Drop, Led by Metro, Adidas on Economic Concern Bloomberg
Europe, Asia Stocks Fall; Barclays, Royal Bank, Intel Decline Bloomberg
Stocks in Europe, Asia Decline; US Futures Are Little Changed Bloomberg
Bloomberg

French GDP set to contract by 0.5 pct in last quarter: central bank AFP
Bank of France sees French GDP -0.5 pct q/q in Q4 guardian.co.uk
French business confidence at a new low Investment Markets
Xinhua – RTT News

Global Stocks Fall on Recession Concern; US Futures Decline Bloomberg
UK Stocks Fall on Report Economy Will Shrink; Retailers Drop Bloomberg
UK Stocks Fall; Tesco Leads the Drop After JPMorgan Downgrade Bloomberg
Bloomberg

Swedish government revises economic outlook – recession looms Monsters and Critics.com
Sweden outlines gloomy economic fcasts for 2009-10 guardian.co.uk
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Italian economy slides into recession The Associated Press
Italy slides into recession Earthtimes (press release)
Italian economy slides into recession The Associated Press

Recession watch

Brazil stocks fall after Japan reports recession

Brazil slips as benchmark tracks Wall Street

China and India and world recession
BBC News, UK - 6 hours ago
By Kaushik Basu The reason why the recession engulfing Europe and America – and now Japan – is unlikely to be as deep as the Great Depression of the 1930s …
New body proposed for assessing early warning in systemic instability Hindu Business Line
Team ‘Chimerica’ Washington Post

Australia shares set to drop on recession fears
Forbes, NY - 2 hours ago
DIARIES & DATA: IPO diary & data Asia earnings diary US earnings diary European diary Australia diary Wall Street Week Ahead Eurostocks Week Ahead . …PINK:CCLAF – OTC:CCLAY

Alternate history is the exercise of looking at the past and asking “what if”? What if some major historical event had gone differently, and how could that have changed the world? Popular “what if” questions that you may have seen in fiction include “what if the Nazis had won the Second World War?” and “what if the South had won the US Civil War?”, but it can be just as interesting to think about Aztecs resisting Spanish colonization or a Japan that did not turn its back on the world under the Shogunate. Alternate history is a literary genre, but here we’re mainly interested in history itself – and the politics, strategy, culture, and more that define it. We spend most of our time debating our own ideas about history and how it could have gone differently, so this is a community focused on creativity and learning.

For more information about alternate history, see our FAQ.

For a guide to published alternate history fiction, see Uchronia.

Lake. Mainspring		Turtledove. The Valley-Westside War		Anders. Sideways in Crime

“…there are no correct alternate histories; there are only plausible alternate histories.”

—Will Shetterly

Walton. Half a Crown

Roberson. Iron Jaw and Hummingbird

Uchronia: The Alternate History List is a bibliography of over 2900 novels, stories, essays and other printed material involving the “what ifs” of history.

The genre has a variety of names, but it is best known as alternate history. In an alternate history, one or more past events are changed and the subsequent effects on history somehow described. This description may comprise the entire plotline of a novel, or it may just provide a brief background to a short story. Perhaps the most common themes in alternate history are “What if the Nazis won World War II?” and “What if the Confederacy won the American Civil War?” For more about alternate history and this bibliography, please read the extended introduction.

Submissions for new entries are always appreciated, as are corrections and additions to existing entries. Please e-mail your comments to webmaster@uchronia.com and please include the word “Uchronia” in your subject line.

Markham & Resnick. History Revisited

Roberts. Swiftly

Tsouras. Britannia’s Fist		Anderson. Destroyermen: Into the Storm		Turtledove. The Man with the Iron Heart

AlternateHistory.com – Archive – Top

Nach einem ausführlichen Briefing werden Sie am hinteren Sitz von Sara angeschnallt, erhalten Ihre finalen

Anweisungen und nehmen über Intercom Kontakt zu Ihrem Piloten auf.

Die Ihnen zur Verfügung stehenden Platzverhältnisse, der 6 Punkt-Gurt und Ihre beinahe liegende Position lassen

Sie das Gefühl der Mercury – Astronauten der frühen 1960er Jahre hautnah erleben.

Wenn erforderlich wird nochmals Ihr persönliches Experiment durchgecheckt und schon geht es los!

Sie starten mit Hilfe einer Schleppmaschine auf 4.800 Fuß Höhe, nach dem Ausklinken und einer genauen

Überprüfung des Luftraumes starten die eigentliche Mission!

Sara holt mittels “Nachdrücken” Geschwindigkeit auf, wird von Ihrem Piloten relativ plötzlich in den Steigflug gebracht, -

hier erleben Sie als Einstimmung erstmals ca. 4 G plus, also Ihr vierfaches Körpergewicht. Durch Ihre Sitzposition ist

dies aber relativ leicht zu bewältigen.

Gleich darauf wird das Fluggerät wieder nachgedrückt und im selben Moment erleben Sie höchstwahrscheinlich erstmalig

die Schwerelosigkeit!!!

Sie sind somit einer der wenigen Erdenbürger, die dieses Gefühl erleben dürfen. Nach 8 bis 10 Sekunden wird das

Flugzeug bei 6 bis 7 G (!) wieder abgefangen, das gleiche Gefühl und die gleiche G Belastung erlebten ebenfalls die

Mercury Astronauten bei Start und Wiedereintritt in die Erdatmosphäre.

Das Ganze wiederholt sich 15 Mal, also insgesamt mehr als 2 Minuten Schwerelosigkeit für Sie!

Wir freuen uns schon sehr, mit Ihnen in die Schwerelosigkeit starten zu dürfen!

Weltweit das erste Praxisprojekt für Parabelflüge mit Segelflugzeugen!

Ab sofort verfügbar!!!!!!

Starttermine nach Vereinbarung!

Der Preis für Ihre Mission: 420,00 Euro, incl. Tax.

Nähere Infos und Buchungen ab sofort: paul.bierl@aon.at

Das Fluggerät, …your first step into space… – sara / mercury !

MDM-1 Fox

http://www.bierl.at/

Von diesem Autor / dieser Autorin sind ebenfalls erschienen:

Das Sternentor der Pyr

University of Karlsruhe (TH)
Research Training Group «Natural Disasters»
Chairman: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Fritz Gehbauer M.S.
Institute for Technology and Management in Construction

http://www.inventus.uni-stuttgart.de/

Seit Herbst 2007 wird an der Universität Stuttgart das Ventomobil entwickelt konstruiert und gebaut. Mit der Unterstützung vom Stiftungslehrstuhl Windenergie, dem Institut für Flugzeugbau und dem Institut für Aerodynamik und Gasdynamik und Sponsoren aus der Industrie ist es dem InVentus Team gelungen beim Aeolus Race 2008 den ersten Platz zu belegen.

InVentus ist ein studentisches Projekt in dem sich Studierende mit unterschiedlichen Aufgaben in verschiedenster Weise mitarbeiten können. Vor allem für den Bau von z.B. Rahmen und Rotorblättern aus Kohlefaser engagieren sich freiwillige Helfer neben ihrem Studium. Mit einer alternativen Konstruktionsaufgabe, die für Luft- und Raumfahrttechniker im 3. Semester angeboten wird kann man sich auch im Rahmen des Vordiploms mit InVentus beschäftigen. Im Hauptdiplom werden verschiedene Themen für Studien- und Diplomarbeiten angeboten. Die Aufgaben reichen von der Auslegung des Rahmens in Faserverbundbauweise bis h8in zur aerodynamischen Simulation der aerodynamischen Verkleidung des Ventomobils. Die Studien- und Diplomarbeiten sind so ausgelegt, dass sie immer einen organisatorischen Teil des Projektes beinhalten um dieses erst Möglich zu machen.

Ziel des Projektes ist es Studenten für die Windenergie zu begeistern und ihnen die Möglichkeit zu geben an einem komplexen Projekt Erfahrungen zu sammeln und Spaß zu haben. Außerdem steht InVentus für die innovative Nutzung der Windenergie und zeigt bislang unbekannte Möglichkeiten auf.

Two renowned economists agreed Thursday that America is facing several major challenges with economic implications — including health care costs, climate change and the credit crunch — but differed on how President-elect Barack Obama should handle those crises efficiently.

MIT Institute Professor emeritus Robert Solow and Harvard economist N. Gregory Mankiw spoke in front of a packed Wang Auditorium on the topic of “Economic policies for the next U.S. president,” a forum co-sponsored by the Department of Economics and the Undergraduate Economics Association.

Solow expressed excitement for the new administration (“I voted for Obama and I didn’t hesitate for a second”) while also noting the troubles that may lie ahead (“I don’t expect miracles of economic policy from the Obama administration”). But, he noted, policymaking is about more than one person.

“The two-party system goes against economic miracles,” Solow said.

Despite a freezing of “plain-vanilla lending” — commercial and generally safe lending — there is no reason to be completely doom-and-gloom, he said. “The productive capacity of the economy is still there.”

“The first order of business ought to be to do something about fending off the recession,” he said. “Anything that is done along that line will have to be done through fiscal policy.”

Solow also credited the steps already made by Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke PhD ’79, comparing him to Captain Kirk from Star Trek. “He has loaned where no man has loaned before.”

Mankiw said he had “a lot of respect for what is going on in the Obama administration,” especially since the president-elect has surrounded himself with several advisors who have “Cambridge connections” — either with MIT or Harvard.

But he also said “the long-term budget looks pretty dire,” and that seeing Obama put together a long-term budget “is going to be very interesting.”

Mankiw agreed with some policies that Obama has expressed support for in the past, including fully auctioned cap-and-trade carbon programs. He was “most skeptical,” however, on certain international trade proposals, including one to renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and on limiting the import of sugar-based ethanol from Brazil.

“My view is that all those views are wrong, and my thought is that the economists advising him think they are wrong. The question is, in what direction will he head?” Mankiw said.

The U.S. also needs to move away from an economy where many top earners come from the financial sector, as it is leading to more inequality, Mankiw said.

“A lot of these high incomes come in the financial services industry, and I think that needs to stop,” he said. “Economic growth that is primarily finance based is unsatisfactory.”

While taking steps in the short-term may pay off now, Solow said it would be unwise to think that results would be immediate.

“Whatever happens now, the federal deficit is going to be close to a trillion dollars.”

A brief question and answer session following the forum brought forth the question of General Motors and whether the government should bail it out as it did for Wall Street’s financial firms.

“When do you stop? Once you get through the auto industry there will be other industries [asking for money] as well,” Solow said, pointing out a bigger problem that is “not about GM, but about fixing a nonsensical system that fixes health care to employment.”

Mankiw suggested offering money, but only if there was private investment to back it up.

“There’s no point putting public money into a company that no private investor deems viable,” he said.

Scientists seeking to protect the soldier of the future can learn a lot from a relic of the past, according to an MIT study of a primitive fish that could point to more effective ways of designing human body armor.

The creature in question is Polypterus senegalus, a fish whose family tree can be traced back 96 million years and who still inhabits muddy, freshwater pools in Africa. Unlike the vast majority of fish today, P. senegalus sports a full-body armored “suit” that most fish would have had millions of years ago–a throwback that helps explain why it is nicknamed the “dinosaur eel.”

It was known that the fish’s individual armored scales were comprised of multiple material layers–each of them about 100 millionths of a meter thick. But in a U.S. Army-funded study carried out through the MIT Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies and published in the July 27 online issue of Nature Materials, a team of MIT engineers unraveled exactly how the layers complement one another to protect the soft tissues inside the fish body–particularly from a penetrating biting attack. P. senegalus is known to be territorial and attack members of its own species that are of similar or smaller size.

Specifically, the team used nanotechnological methods to measure the material properties through the thickness of one individual fish scale–about 500 millionths of a meter thick–and its four different layer materials. The different materials, the geometry and thickness of each layer, the sequence of the layers and the junctions between layers all contribute to an efficient design that helps the fish survive a penetrating attack such as a bite.

This research will help to better understand the relationship between a specific threat and the corresponding design of a protective armor, the team said.

“Such fundamental knowledge holds great potential for the development of improved biologically inspired structural materials, for example soldier, first-responder and military vehicle armor applications,” said lead author Christine Ortiz, an associate professor in MIT’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering.

“Many of the design principles we describe–durable interfaces and energy-dissipating mechanisms, for instance–may be translatable to human armor systems,” Ortiz added.

One way in which the researchers tested the fish armor was by experimentally mimicking a biting attack on top of an individual scale that had been surgically removed from a living fish. The team found that the design of the P. senegalus armor kept the crack localized by forcing it to run in a circle around the penetration site, rather than spreading through the entire scale and leading to catastrophic failure, like many ceramic materials.

This study was carried out in collaboration with co-author Professor Mary Boyce, chair of MIT’s Department of Mechanical Engineering. The study has two first authors: Benjamin Bruet, a former member of Ortiz’s lab who recently received a PhD in materials science and engineering from MIT, and Juha Song, a joint doctoral student between Ortiz and Boyce.

A version of this article appeared in MIT Tech Talk on September 17, 2008 (download PDF).

Not just a staple of science fiction, other universes are a direct implication of cosmological observation

Is there a copy of you reading this article? A person who is not you but who lives on a planet called Earth, with misty mountains, fertile fields and sprawling cities, in a solar system with eight other planets? The life of this person has been identical to yours in every respect. But perhaps he or she now decides to put down this article without finishing it, while you read on.

The idea of such an alter ego seems strange and implausible, but it looks as if we will just have to live with it, because it is supported by astronomical observations. The simplest and most popular cosmological model today predicts that you have a twin in a galaxy about 10 to the 1028 meters from here. This distance is so large that it is beyond astronomical, but that does not make your universe twin any less real. The estimate is derived from elementary probability and does not even assume speculative modern physics, merely that space is infinite (or at least sufficiently large) in size and almost uniformly filled with matter, as observations indicate. In infinite space, even the most unlikely events must take place somewhere. There are infinitely many other inhabited planets, including not just one but infinitely many that have people with the same appearance, name and memories as you, who play out every possible permutation of your life choices.

November 2008

FEATURES

Jacking into the Brain–Is the Brain the Ultimate Computer Interface?
How far can science advance brain-machine interface technology? Will we one day pipe the latest blog entry or NASCAR highlights directly into the human brain as if the organ were an outsize flash drive?
By Gary Stix

Smart DNA: Programming the Molecule of Life for Work and Play
Logic gates made of DNA could one day operate in your bloodstream, collectively making medical decisions and taking action. For now, they play a mean game of in vitro tic-tac-toe
By Joanne Macdonald, Darko Stefanovic and Milan N. Stojanovic

INHALT: Archiv Hakeburg: Dokumente SHAEF Dokumente: Siehe Downloads Regierungsdokumente: Kanzlerbrief 140100 Kanzlerbrief 210300 Regierungsbeschluß 11/98 [zur Abwehr feindlicher Aktionen] Kanzlerakte [gesamte Korrepondenz mit dem Bundeskanzleramt wg. [Kriegswaffenkontrollgesetz] Schreiben an die Botschafter der Siegermächte in Sachen Kriegswaffenkontrollgesetz (KWKG) Schreiben der Principality of Sealand an den Botschafter der USA in Deutschland vom 5. Mai 2003 Regierungsbeschluß 05-01-2004 v. 8.Mai 2004 zur Freigabe der Vril-Technik (Sealand-Generator) Völkerrecht Rechtsgutachten Prof. Dr. Leisner über den völkerrechtlichen Status von Sealand .. Rechtsgutachten Dr. Vitányi [dasselbe] Völkerrechtlicher Status der BRD: Carlo Schmid am 8. September 1948 zum Charakter des Grundgesetzes als besatzungsrechtliches Mittel der Fremdherrschaft … [173 KB] Auszug aus dieser Rede 40 KB] Carlo Schmid Rede als PDF Siehe auch: Downloads | Hakeburg-Dokumentation Kostenpflichtig | Als digitaler Download kostenlos

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Siehe auch Hakeburg

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Unser Staatsgebiet am Seeberg Kleinmachnow b. Berlin
uunter anderem: in Sachen Sealand / Deutsche Telekom